pharmocology

Question 1

pharmacodynamics

Answer 1

drug effect on the body

Question 2

pharmacokinetic

Answer 2

bodies effect no the drug

Question 3

frugs derived from

Answer 3

plants, animals, synthesis in lab, microorganism and minerals

Question 4

drug name

Answer 4

chemical name- the chemical composition of the drug and identifies the drugs atomic and molecular structure
generic name- abbreviated and approved name
trade name- brand name selected by the drug company

Question 5

enteral route

Answer 5

oral-
person swallowing which is absorbed by the GI tract goes to first pass metabolism
adv. pain free, non invasive, cost less
disadv. requires compliance, conscious and cooperative, longer

Question 6

sublingual and buccal

Answer 6

facilitate rapid absorption of medication via capillaries of the mucous membrane
avoid 1st pass metabolism

Question 7

parenteral route

Answer 7

non oral method of drug administration

adv. oral drug not effective, patient cooperation and compliance, avoids first pass metabolism
disadv. skill required, painful and expensive

Question 8

pulmonary route

Answer 8

administered by gas or fine mist.
lungs provide large SA for absorption. Their adjacent rich capillary network allows drugs to readily enter the circulation

Question 9

topical route

Answer 9

drugs to the skin or mucous membrane

Question 10

pharmacokinetics

absorption

Answer 10

moves from site of administration to the systemic circulation
IV administration enters directly into systemic circulation
oral medication:
disintegrate
dissolution
absorbed by small intestine
hepatic portal system( blood supply to liver)
systemic circulation

Question 11

factors of drug absorption

Answer 11

formulation of drug 
route of administration 
tissue SA and thickness
blood supply at site of administration 
solubility of drug

Question 12

pharmacokinetics distribution

Answer 12

movement of drug to body tissues depend on:
drug solubility, cardiovascular functioning, perfusion of area, pH of area, binding of the drug to plasma protein, tissue binding

Question 13

tissue adipose

Answer 13

lipid soluble drugs have a high affinity for drug adipose tissue. Low blood flow to this tissue means some drugs may be stored here

Question 14

bone tissue

Answer 14

special affinity for bone and can accumulate here

Question 15

barriers to drug distribution

Answer 15

blood brain barrier- endothelial cells with tight intercellular junctions to protect CNS from potentially damaging microorganism and other substances
placental barrier- membrane and enzymes providing incomplete protection to fatal circulation

Question 16

metabolism

Answer 16

drugs are broken down into substances more easily eliminated

Question 17

factors affecting metabolism:

Answer 17

genetics, environmental factors, age, gender, disease states

Question 18

bioavailability

Answer 18

amount of drug that is available to exert a pharmacological effect
the proportion of drug that reaches the systemic circulation
oral drugs have low bioavailability
hepatic first pass metabolism means oral dose of a medication is often higher than would be given IV

Question 19

hepatic first pass metabolism

Answer 19

oral drugs pass through GI tract before absorbed through GI mucosa into the blood of the surrounding capillaries.
some drugs may be lost if not absorbed from the GI tract
make it way from capillaries into the hepatic portal vein for transport to the liver
drug reaching the liver undergo metabolism before reaching the systemic circulation. (first pass metabolism)

Question 20

excretion

Answer 20

elimination (liver)- irreversible loss of the drug from the plasma. occurs via metabolism and excretion
excretion (kidneys)- irreversible loss of the drug from the body
eliminated in bile so removed from the body faeces
free unbound drug can be filtered from the blood into the renal filtrate
lipid soluble drugs may be reabsorbed from the renal filtrate back into the systemic circulation
water soluble drugs can also be secreted from the blood into filtrate

Question 21

therapeutic range

Answer 21

concentration of drug having a high probability pf producing the desired therapeutic effect and low probability of toxic effects
minimum effective concentration- amount of drug required to cause a pharmacological effect
minimum toxic concentration- min amount drug that causes a toxic effect

Question 22

drug half life

Answer 22

time taken for the drug concentration to be reduced by 50% from its max concentration
it tells us how quickly drug is being eliminated from plasma and how often we need to administer a drug to keep it within the therapeutic range

Question 23

the mode of drug action depends on the drug’s molecular target

Answer 23

carrier proteins, ion channels, enzymes and receptors

Question 24

carrier proteins

Answer 24

drugs alter function of carrier protein or bind to prevent carrier protein from moving molecules into the cell

Question 25

ion channels

Answer 25

alter function of proteins or bind to channels causing channel to open or close and blocking the channels

Question 26

enzymes

Answer 26

completive inhibitors and non completive inhibitors

Question 27

receptors

Answer 27

present on cell membrane and within cytoplasm

act as agonist and antagonist

Question 28

geriatric consideration (elderly)

Answer 28

mostly admitted to hospital for adverse drug reaction
physiological changes affect how the body handles medications
decrease in lean body mass and total body water

Question 29

bariatric consideration (obesity)

Answer 29

affects 4 aspects of pharmacokinetics
pharmacodynamic profile of some drugs may also be affected
absorption: iv access may be difficult, increased gastric emptying can mean increased absorption of oral medication
distribution: max reduced, altered protein binding, lipid soluble drugs show increased volume of distribution, water soluble drugs show minimal change in volume of distribution.

Question 30

paediatric consideration (newborns)

Answer 30

drug use in children require advanced knowledge and skill
newborns require special consideration
hepatic metabolism doesn’t reach adult capabilities until child reaches puberty
infants and young children have a different body composition of adult
clinical trials for adults not for children
drug dosage must be determined and closely monitored
dosage calculated using weight or body surface area of child

Question 31

hypersensitivity= exaggerated

Answer 31

foreign substances act as antigen and can stimulate immune response.

Question 32

adverse drug reaction

Answer 32

unintended or undesired effect of drug which decrease effectiveness of treatment

Question 33

predisposing factors for ADR

Answer 33

age- elderly
gender- females>
dose- dose related
poly pharmacy( multiple/ different medications) - increase risk
history- frequent chronic condition at higher risk
genetic factors- liver enzyme deficiency

Question 34

drug interaction

Answer 34

drug-drug interaction- pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another drug (ADR)= increace/ decrease therapeutic effect

Question 35

drug contraindication

Answer 35

factor that makes the administration of a drug undesirable or even dangerous
factors may include patient states, current disease state and drug therapy with potential for interaction or adverse reaction

Question 36

drug transfer

Answer 36

any drug given to a pregnant women will reach the fetus via circulation or via breast milk
factors to potential harm:
drug properties and dosage
GI age of fetus
drugs known to have the potential to cause harm to fetus are referred t teratogenic