Pharmocology

Question 1

What are the target molecules for drugs?

Answer 1

ion channels, receptors, enzymes, transporters

Question 2

what are the intracellular responses that can happen with drug binding?

Answer 2

G-protein binding, binding to nucleus receptors altering gene transcription, opening of ligand gated ion channels, binding to kinases linked receptors

Question 3

Competitive reversible antagonish

Answer 3

an antagonist can compete with an agonist for the same target molecule

Question 4

Competitive irreversible antagonism

Answer 4

when a competitive antagonist binds irreversibly to the target molecule

Question 5

non-competitive antagonists

Answer 5

do not compete with agonists for the same target molecule but prevent the events set in motion by the agonist binding that lead to a response.

Question 6

physiological antagonism

Answer 6

an agonist may inhibit the actions of another agonist by having the opposite effect

Question 7

Pharmacokinetic antagonism

Answer 7

one drug affects the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of another in a manner that reduces its actions

Question 8

chemical antagonism

Answer 8

one drug interacts with another in solution leading to a reduction or loss of activity

Question 9

tolerance

Answer 9

a term typically used to describe a more gradual decrease in responsiveness to a drug

Question 10

resistance

Answer 10

a term typically used to describe the loss of effectiveness of antimicrobial or anti-cancer drugs

Question 11

Tachyphylaxis

Answer 11

densensitisation

Question 12

Inverse agonist

Answer 12

drugs which bind to such receptors and reduce the response

Question 13

Which graph is used to measure the efficacy and potency?

Answer 13

dose response curve

Question 14

why is a drug given by a particular route

Answer 14

the properties of the drug, and the therapeutic objective

Question 15

Properities of the drug that affect the drug absorption from site of adminisitration

Answer 15

lipid solubility, molecular weight, and chemical properties (ionisation)

Question 16

physiological factors of drug that affect the drug absorption from site of adminisitration

Answer 16

local blood flow, surface area of the abosrbing surface

Question 17

Where can the drugs distribute throughout the body after adminsitration

Answer 17

plasma, interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid, transcellular fluid, site of administration

Question 18

Why is VD important

Answer 18

enables you to predict whether the drug selected for administration is likely to reach the target site at effective concentrations

VD can be used to determine the loading dose necessary to achieve a target plasma concentration

Question 19

How can drugs accumulate in tissues (tissue trapping)

Answer 19

high lipid solubility- this leads to accumulation in fat
ion trapping due to differences in pH across barriers
binding to a site within a tissue or cell