Pharmacy

Question 1

What are proteins?

Answer 1

Proteins are one or more chains of repeated units connected by peptide bonds- Function is to digest and immunity from infection

Question 2

What are peptide bonds?

Answer 2

Chemical bond formed in two molecules when the carboxyl group of one amino acid to other amino group

Question 3

What are amino acids?

Answer 3

They are a class of molecules that contain acidic groups- they are 20 amino acids

Question 4

Why are Amino acids amphoteric?

Answer 4

Because they have at least or acid-base groups

Question 5

What is an isoelectric point?

Answer 5

The pH at which the net charge is equal to zero

Question 6

What is a zwitterion?

Answer 6

Have a neutral charge

Question 7

What does a structure of an amino acid consist of?

Answer 7

R group
Amino group
Central carbon
Carboxyl group

Question 8

Which amino acids are Non-polar

Answer 8

Glycine, Alanine, proline, valine,leucine, isoleucine

Question 9

Which amino acid are Aromatic?

Answer 9

They have benzyl ring that’s why aromatic.
Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan

Question 10

Which amino acids are polar?

Answer 10

Asparagine, glutamine, serine, Threonine

Only group which are hydrophobic

Question 11

Which amino acids are sulfur-containing

Answer 11

Methionine, cysteine

Question 12

Which amino acids are charged?

Answer 12

Aspartate, Glutamate, Arginine, Lysine, Histidine

Question 13

How do amino acids bind together?

Answer 13

By losing a good water molecule, the remaining Molecule is then called a dipeptide.

Question 14

What are the four structures of proteins?

Answer 14

Primary- amino acid sequence
Secondary structure- interactions between adjacent amino acids (b sheets
Tertiary structure- 3D folding of polypeptide chain
Quaternary structure- multiple proteins in a complex

Question 15

What are the two main protein groups?

Answer 15

Globular proteins- These proteins have irregular proteins, like myoglobin

Fibrous proteins- a linear strand or sheet-like structure

Question 16

What are enzymes?

Answer 16

Catalyse the conversation of substrates to produces by lowering activation energy. Increase the rate of chemical reaction

Question 17

What are the 6 major enzymes?

Answer 17

Oxireductases, transferase, hydrolase, lysases, isomerise and ligases

Question 18

What are the essential compounds of Nucleic Acid?

Answer 18

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and phosphorous

Question 19

What is Transcription?

Answer 19

DNA transcribed to make RNA. 3 major types of RNA (messenger, ribosomal, transferase) are transcribed from DNA in process of translation. mRNA type of RNA carries genetic info to make proteins

Question 20

What is Translation?

Answer 20

mRNA translated to proteins in cytoplasm on ribosome. tRNA carries individual amino acids to the ribosomes, where they join via peptide bonds & become proteins. During translation, sequence of nucleic acids based in mRNA read in sets of three

Question 21

What are the basic units of carbohydrates?

Answer 21

Monosaccharides

Question 22

What are the functions of monosaccharides?

Answer 22

Produce and store energy
Can be used to form long fibres

Question 23

What are disaccharides?

Answer 23

Dimer=2 monosaccharides

Question 24

What are oligosaccharides?

Answer 24

Polymer of 3-20 monosaccharides

Question 25

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 25

Polymer of monosaccharides units linked together

Question 26

What are lipids?

Answer 26

Lipids consist of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon atoms.
They are water insoluble.
Dietary lipids are fats and are oil at room temperature.

Question 27

What is cholesterol?

Answer 27

A type of lipid, essential cell membrane fluidity and is a metabolic precursor for bile and activation of vitamin D

Question 28

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)

Answer 28

Important for carbohydrate metabolism, important for growth and development

Deficiency causes weight loss, cognitive dysfunction & pain in limbs and heart problems

Question 29

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Answer 29

Important act as respiratory enzymes

Deficiency can cause ariboflavinosis can cause overlapping deficiencies

Question 30

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Answer 30

Important for energy metabolism

Deficiency results in pellagra, when diet only contains corn as this is a food which contains high niacin

Question 31

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxal-5-phosphate)

Answer 31

Important as enzymes that are involved in amino acids glucose

Deficiency causes anemia lack of healthy RBC

Question 32

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

Answer 32

Important as are enzymes that play important role in amino acids metabolism

Deficiency is rare but takes place during parental nutrition. Wont be able to digest properly

Question 33

Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)

Answer 33

Important tetrahydrolic acid active forms of folic acid that are enzymes in the metabolism of one carbon units

Deficiency can cause difficulty in being pregnant or cause child in womb to have small weight

Question 34

Vitamin B12 (Coblamin)

Answer 34

Important because Vitamin B12 is a coenzyme responsible for metabolism of one carbon units.

Defficiency causes pernicious Anemia causes if body makes cells that attack protein intrinsic factor

Question 35

Vitamin C

Answer 35

Important as an enzymatic cofactor so it increases ROR needed for enzyme function. Formation of collagen also occurs which is important for skin, cartilage and blood vessels

Deficiencies can cause scurvy which is loss of teeth, pale skin and wounds don’t heal properly

Question 36

Vitamin A

Answer 36

Important as it’s used to produce rhodopsin important for vision. Important for nine metabolism & gene transcription

Defficiency cause night blindness & skin tension.

Question 37

Vitamin D

Answer 37

Important as chloelcaliferol converted in the liver to calciferol.

Deficiency causes rickets condition so bones are soft and weak

Question 38

Vitamin E

Answer 38

Important as it’s a potent antioxidant responsible for protecting lipids in cell membrane from oxidative damage

Deficiency causes RBC would be damaged. Aging of the RBC to become quicker and earlier cell death

Question 39

Vitamin K

Answer 39

Important in blood clotting

Deficiency Leeds to bleeding disorders