Mts Unit 2 Flashcards
What are animal and plant cells made of?
Eukaryotic cells
What does every cell maintain?
Homeostasis
What is cell metabolism?
involved in converting carbohydrates, fats and proteins into the energy needed for cellular functions.
Energy is then generated through cell metabolism and is used for muscle contraction, membrane, transport and synthesis of enzymes
What is ATP
Adenosine triphosphate is a “unit of currency” for transferring energy in living cells
What do ATP molecules consist off?
Adenosine a nitrogenous base add three phosphate groups
Last two phosphate groups are joined to the remainder of the molecule by high energy bonds
How is a ADP formed?
(Adenosine diphosphate)
It is formed when ATP is hydrolysed and loses one high energy bond, and then AMP (Adenosine monophosphate) with the loss of two such bonds
What are the two types of energy production?
Anaerobic respiration without oxygen occurring in the cytoplasm
Aerobic respiration without oxygen occurring in the mitochondria
How are eukaryotic cells are defined?
By the presence of the membrane bound nucleus, and the presence of the membrane, bound organelles, such as the mitochondria
What is metabolism?
All chemical reactions in the body
It is a balance between the energy, input and output of anabolism and catabolism
What is catabolism?
Breaking down of the complex molecules, catabolic reactions are exergonic.
What is anabolism?
Building of complex molecules, it is and endergonic
How do catabolic reactions work?
The transfer energy into high energy phosphate bonds of ATP
What time be released easily and quickly, and ATP can diffuse through the cell
What are the functions of the cell membrane?
Act as a barrier to prevent general ingress
To control movement of desirable material into the cell
To communicate with the outside world, it has various receptors, the combined with specific chemical messengers
To make a physical connections with the exception of fluid tissues
What is the plasma membrane predominantly composed off?
Phospholipid bilayer, where in the pool is phosphate heads, oriented toward the Polar cytosol inside the cell on the water in medium outside
What are anchoring proteins?
Can attach the inner membrane to the cytoskeleton
What are recognition proteins?
They are glycoproteins and are important in making sure the immune system can see the cell as ntomel part of the body
What are receptor proteins?
It enables the cell to be sensitive to signals via specific Liggiands
What are carrier proteins?
They are used to transport certain molecules across the membrane
It changes the shape to allow material to come in and then goes back to its normal shape shape
What are channel proteins?
Can allow specific passage of a very small materials in and out of the cell
What is a glycocalyx?
A sticky viscous layer that lubricates and protects the cell membrane
Which molecules pass through the membrane rapidly?
Hydrophobic, small molecules and gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide crossmember in the rapidly?
Which molecules does the cell membrane restrict diffusion?
Highly charged molecules such as sodium, potassium and larger molecules, such as sugars and amino acids
What are transporters?
Specialised membrane, spanning proteins that assist in the movement of ions, peptides, small, molecules and lipids
What is diffusion?
Spontaneous movement of the membrane, permeable substance across the membrane down the concentration gradient
What is facilitated transport?
The movement of a membrane impermeable substance across the membrane via transported down. The concentration gradient. Active transport is required.
What is primary active transport?
The transport protein contains an ATPase, which hydrolyses ATP to generate energy required for transport
What are the membranous organelles?
Nucleus, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria peroxisomes
What are non-membranous organelles?
Cytoskeleton, Celia ribosomes microvilli, centrioles, protosomes
What are Microfilaments?
Made of actin protein are common around the periphery of the cell
And join up the integral cell membrane
What are intermediate filaments?
Can be formed by numerous proteins.
Primary intermediate filaments are found in epithelial cells and formed in pairs one basic and one acid
What is a centriole?
A microtubule based structure containing vanes formed from microtubules that run length of cylinder
Ribosomes?
Small organelles
Have small and a large ribosomal sub unit
For protein synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum?
Network of membranes work for photosynthesis and storage of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids
Golgi apparatus?
Plays a role in importation
Lysosomes?
Primary ribosomes engulf damaged organelles/ bacteria
Secondary lysosomes digest the target
Peroxisomes?
Responsible for digestion of large fatty acids
Mitochondria?
Responsible for energy generation
Nucleus?
Brain of cell contains DNA
Largest of all organelles
Surrounded by a nuclear envelope dotted with pores allows ions and molecules to pass
Protein synthesis?
Starts with requirement for specific protein
Message results in activation of specific gene
