Mts Unit 2

Question 1

What are animal and plant cells made of?

Answer 1

Eukaryotic cells

Question 2

What does every cell maintain?

Answer 2

Homeostasis

Question 3

What is cell metabolism?

Answer 3

involved in converting carbohydrates, fats and proteins into the energy needed for cellular functions.
Energy is then generated through cell metabolism and is used for muscle contraction, membrane, transport and synthesis of enzymes

Question 4

What is ATP

Answer 4

Adenosine triphosphate is a “unit of currency” for transferring energy in living cells

Question 5

What do ATP molecules consist off?

Answer 5

Adenosine a nitrogenous base add three phosphate groups
Last two phosphate groups are joined to the remainder of the molecule by high energy bonds

Question 6

How is a ADP formed?

Answer 6

(Adenosine diphosphate)
It is formed when ATP is hydrolysed and loses one high energy bond, and then AMP (Adenosine monophosphate) with the loss of two such bonds

Question 7

What are the two types of energy production?

Answer 7

Anaerobic respiration without oxygen occurring in the cytoplasm

Aerobic respiration without oxygen occurring in the mitochondria

Question 8

How are eukaryotic cells are defined?

Answer 8

By the presence of the membrane bound nucleus, and the presence of the membrane, bound organelles, such as the mitochondria

Question 9

What is metabolism?

Answer 9

All chemical reactions in the body
It is a balance between the energy, input and output of anabolism and catabolism

Question 10

What is catabolism?

Answer 10

Breaking down of the complex molecules, catabolic reactions are exergonic.

Question 11

What is anabolism?

Answer 11

Building of complex molecules, it is and endergonic

Question 12

How do catabolic reactions work?

Answer 12

The transfer energy into high energy phosphate bonds of ATP
What time be released easily and quickly, and ATP can diffuse through the cell

Question 13

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

Answer 13

Act as a barrier to prevent general ingress
To control movement of desirable material into the cell
To communicate with the outside world, it has various receptors, the combined with specific chemical messengers
To make a physical connections with the exception of fluid tissues

Question 14

What is the plasma membrane predominantly composed off?

Answer 14

Phospholipid bilayer, where in the pool is phosphate heads, oriented toward the Polar cytosol inside the cell on the water in medium outside

Question 15

What are anchoring proteins?

Answer 15

Can attach the inner membrane to the cytoskeleton

Question 16

What are recognition proteins?

Answer 16

They are glycoproteins and are important in making sure the immune system can see the cell as ntomel part of the body

Question 17

What are receptor proteins?

Answer 17

It enables the cell to be sensitive to signals via specific Liggiands

Question 18

What are carrier proteins?

Answer 18

They are used to transport certain molecules across the membrane
It changes the shape to allow material to come in and then goes back to its normal shape shape

Question 19

What are channel proteins?

Answer 19

Can allow specific passage of a very small materials in and out of the cell

Question 20

What is a glycocalyx?

Answer 20

A sticky viscous layer that lubricates and protects the cell membrane

Question 21

Which molecules pass through the membrane rapidly?

Answer 21

Hydrophobic, small molecules and gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide crossmember in the rapidly?

Question 22

Which molecules does the cell membrane restrict diffusion?

Answer 22

Highly charged molecules such as sodium, potassium and larger molecules, such as sugars and amino acids

Question 23

What are transporters?

Answer 23

Specialised membrane, spanning proteins that assist in the movement of ions, peptides, small, molecules and lipids

Question 24

What is diffusion?

Answer 24

Spontaneous movement of the membrane, permeable substance across the membrane down the concentration gradient

Question 25

What is facilitated transport?

Answer 25

The movement of a membrane impermeable substance across the membrane via transported down. The concentration gradient. Active transport is required.

Question 26

What is primary active transport?

Answer 26

The transport protein contains an ATPase, which hydrolyses ATP to generate energy required for transport

Question 27

What are the membranous organelles?

Answer 27

Nucleus, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria peroxisomes

Question 28

What are non-membranous organelles?

Answer 28

Cytoskeleton, Celia ribosomes microvilli, centrioles, protosomes

Question 29

What are Microfilaments?

Answer 29

Made of actin protein are common around the periphery of the cell
And join up the integral cell membrane

Question 30

What are intermediate filaments?

Answer 30

Can be formed by numerous proteins.
Primary intermediate filaments are found in epithelial cells and formed in pairs one basic and one acid

Question 31

What is a centriole?

Answer 31

A microtubule based structure containing vanes formed from microtubules that run length of cylinder

Question 32

Ribosomes?

Answer 32

Small organelles
Have small and a large ribosomal sub unit
For protein synthesis

Question 33

Endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 33

Network of membranes work for photosynthesis and storage of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids

Question 34

Golgi apparatus?

Answer 34

Plays a role in importation

Question 35

Lysosomes?

Answer 35

Primary ribosomes engulf damaged organelles/ bacteria
Secondary lysosomes digest the target

Question 36

Peroxisomes?

Answer 36

Responsible for digestion of large fatty acids

Question 37

Mitochondria?

Answer 37

Responsible for energy generation

Question 38

Nucleus?

Answer 38

Brain of cell contains DNA
Largest of all organelles
Surrounded by a nuclear envelope dotted with pores allows ions and molecules to pass

Question 39

Protein synthesis?

Answer 39

Starts with requirement for specific protein
Message results in activation of specific gene