Pharmacology, Vitamins - Edwards

Question 1

Extrinic NS: Para, Symp secretions?

Answer 1

Ach by Para and NE by Symp

Question 2

Enteric NS Function

Answer 2

secrete local paracrines

Question 3

ANS innervation. Vagus secretion:

Answer 3

NO: relazatin of lower esophagel spincter and corpus cavernosum; release of GRP–> G cell/stomch releases gastrin. VIP *vasoactive peptide (NANC- nonadrenergic, non cholinergic neurotransmitters)

Question 4

GI paracrine factors?

Answer 4

Somatostatin & Histamine

Question 5

B1

Answer 5

Thiamine: phosphorylated to active form, functions as a coenzyme for PDH, alpha-ketoglutarate catalyzed reactions of the TCA, transketolase ctalyzed reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway.

Question 6

What is Beriberi

Answer 6

due to thiamine deficiency, commonly found in chronic alcoholics.

Question 7

wet beriberi v dry berberi

Answer 7

wet: cardiovascular, dry: neurologic

Question 8

B2

Answer 8

Riboflavin

Question 9

Riboflavin function

Answer 9

precursor to coenzymes for redox reactions

Question 10

B3

Answer 10

Niacin

Question 11

Niacin

Answer 11

synthesis of NAD+/NADP+, function

Question 12

NADH/NAD+ imbalance in alcoholics

Answer 12

excess toxic NADH because alcohold dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase is very active to breakdown the alcohol. this can impair functions of metabolic processes that depends on NAD+ such as gluconeogenensis, FA ox, etc.

Question 13

Niacin not a true vitamin

Answer 13

because it can be synthesized endogenously from trytophan.

Question 14

B5

Answer 14

Pantothenic Acid

Question 15

Panthothenate

Answer 15

for CoA synthesis

Question 16

B6

Answer 16

Pyridoxine/Pyrodoxal/Pyridoxamine

Question 17

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP): active form of B6

Answer 17

coenzyme for enzymes in transamination reactions, glycogenolysis, biosynthesis of neurotransmitters

Question 18

Biotin

Answer 18

coenzyme for carboxylation reactions; synthesized by intestinal bacteria and found in food.

Question 19

B12

Answer 19

Cobalmin; synthesized only by microorganisms in the liver; hydrolyzed from protein to be active and then absorbed by B12

Question 20

Special facts about B12

Answer 20

Can be stored in the liver for up to 6 years; Pernicious anemia, lack of intrinsic factor- the anemia results from impaired DNA syntehsis due to a block in purine & thymidine biosynthesis

Question 21

Folic acid

Answer 21

stored in the liver as THF, tetrahydrofolate

Question 22

Special facts about B12

Answer 22

Can be stored in the liver for up to 6 years; Pernicious anemia, lack of intrinsic factor- the anemia results from impaired DNA syntehsis due to a block in purine & thymidine biosynthesis

Question 23

Folic acid

Answer 23

stored in the liver as THF, tetrahydrofolate

Question 24

Extrinic NS: Para, Symp secretions?

Answer 24

Ach by Para and NE by Symp

Question 25

THF, tetrahydrafolate

Answer 25

conzyme for enzymes that catalyze one carbon transfers (requ in the biosyntehsis of methionine and glycine)

Question 26

Vitamin C

Answer 26

Ascorbic Acid: antioxidant (reducing agent) due to its properties as an electron donor

Question 27

Vitamin C functions

Answer 27

Cofactor for hydroxylate of proline residues in collagen (crucial for the maintenance of connective tissues); DA NE and Epi synthesis, important antioxidant (e- donor), enhances non-heme iron absorption

Question 28

Scurvy

Answer 28

due to vitamin C deficiency: easily bruised skin, muscle fatigue, soft swollen gums, decreased wound healing and hemorrhaging, osteoporosis, and anemia