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Pharmocology > Pharmacology Terminology Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Terminology Quiz 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Action

A

Describes the mechanism by which a specific drug produces physiologic and biochemical changes at the cell, tissue, or organ level

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1
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of drug particles from the gastrointestinal tract to body fluids

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2
Q

Analgesia

A

Drugs that relieve pain

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3
Q

Adrenergic

A

Term applied to nerve fibers that, when stimulated, release epinephrine at their endings

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4
Q

Adverse/side effect

A

The development of undesired side effects or toxicity caused by the administration of drugs

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5
Q

Agonist

A

A drug that mimics at least some of the effects of an endogenous substance

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6
Q

Anaphylactoid-reaction

A

An excessive allergic response to a substance manifested by wheezing, chills, generalized urticaria, diaphoresis, agitation, flushing, difficulty breathing, and/or cardiovascular collapse.

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7
Q

Antagonist

A

Blocks a cellular receptor, preventing the binding and subsequent effects or an endogenous substance

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8
Q

Anticoagulant

A

Agent which delays or prevents blood coagulation

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9
Q

Anticholinergic

A

An agent that blocks parasympathetic nerve impulses resulting in dry mouth, decreased peristalsis, constipation, urinary-retention, and blurred vision.

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10
Q

Antiemetic

A

Agent that prevents or relieves nausea and vomiting

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11
Q

Antihistamine

A

A drug that opposes the action of histamine a in the body by prohibiting an increase in gastric secretions, dilation, of capillaries, constriction of bronchial smooth-muscle

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12
Q

Antineoplastic

A

Agent used to treat cancer

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13
Q

Antitussive

A

Agent that prevents or relieves coughing

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14
Q

Beta-blocker

A

Drugs that block the action of epinephrine at beta-Adrenergic receptor sites located in the myocardium (beta) and in bronchioles and vascular smooth-muscle (beta 2)

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15
Q

Bio-availability

A

The rate and extent of drug-absorption from any administration site into the systemic circulation

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16
Q

Blood-dyscrasia

A

Pathological condition manifested by fever, sore mouth and throat, unexplained fatigue, easy bruising or bleeding

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17
Q

Brand-name

A

Usually a registered trademark owned by a specific manufacturer; also known as trade name or proprietary name

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18
Q

Broad-spectrum

A

Term that applies to antibiotics effective against a variety of micro-organisms

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19
Q

Cardiotonic

A

Various agents, such as digitalis, that increase the tone of the heart by influencing that force of muscle-contractility; old term for cardiac-glycoside

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20
Q

Chemical name

A

Name that describes a drug’s chemical structure

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21
Q

Cholinergic

A

An agent that produces the effect of the chemical-transmitter acetylcholine; results in lacrimation, diaphoresis, salivation, abdominal-cramps, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting

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22
Q

Clinical-trials

A

Investigational studies that test the usefulness of drugs or treatments

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23
Q

Disintegration

A

The process of breaking up; breakdown of a tablet or pill into smaller particles

24
Q

Dissolution

A

Process whereby one substance is dissolved into another; the smaller particles from disintegration are dissolved in gastrointestinal-fluid for absorption

25
Q

Distribution

A

The dissemination of a drug to its ultimate site-of-action; it is impacted by the extent to which a drug is bound to plasma-proteins; especially albumin

26
Q

Diuretic

A

An agent that increases the secretion of ruin either by increasing glomerular-filtration or by decreasing reabsorption from the renal-tubules

27
Q

Duration

A

Average length of time a drug is present in the body and expecting its effect

28
Q

Electrolytes

A

Ionized substances, such as acids, bases, and salts, that are present in blood tissue-fluids and cells; included salts of sodium, potassium, and chloride

29
Q

Endocrine

A

Refers to a gland in the body that secretes its substance (hormones) directly into the bloodstream

30
Q

Generic name

A

The official or nonproprietary name of a drug; a universal name

31
Q

Half-life

A

The time required by the body, tissue, or organ to metabolize or inactivate half the amount of a substance taken in

32
Q

Hepatotoxicity

A

Impairment of liver-function manifested by jaundice, dark-urine, pruritus, light colored stools, itching skin or rash, persistently-high elevations of liver enzymes

33
Q

Histamine-blocker

A

An agent that blocks the stimulation of cells by histamine. It acts by interfering with the action of histamine rather than by preventing its secretion.

34
Q

Loading-dose

A

A large initial-dose of a drug administered to achieve a rapid minimum effective concentration (MEC) in the plasma for obtaining desired drug action.

35
Q

Metabolism or biotransformation

A

Alteration of a drug by the body into new chemicals that are less active, less toxic, and more easily-excreted by the body; action usually occurs in the liver

36
Q

Mineral

A

A naturally occurring inorganic substance that is essential to body function

37
Q

Nephrotoxicity

A

Impairment of kidney nephrons; manifested by one or more of the following; oliguria, urinary-frequency, hematuria, fever, cloudy urine, rising BUN and serum creatinine

38
Q

Onset-of-action

A

Begins with the drug enters the plasma and continues until it reaches minimum effective concentration (MEC)

39
Q

Opioid-naive

A

Describes patients who are receiving opioid analgesics for the first time and who therefore are unaccustomed to their effects.

40
Q

Opioid-tolerant

A

Normal physiologic state of adaption that results (overtime) in reduced drug-effects; larger doses of opioids are required to maintain same level of analgesia; abrupt discontinuation of the drug results in withdrawal-symptoms

41
Q

Oto-toxicity

A

An impairment of the ear manifested by 1 or more of the following; headache, dizziness, or vertigo, nausea and vomiting with motion, ataxia and nystagmus

42
Q

Peak

A

Refers to the time when a drug reaches its highest plasma concentration according to the route of administration; can indicate the rate of absorption of the drug

43
Q

Pharmaceutical-phase

A

Phase or stage of drug action in which the medication enters the body in one for and changes into another for, in order to be utilized by the body

44
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Deals with interactions between chemical components of living-systems and foreign chemicals (including drugs) that enter living organisms; the action of a drug; how a drug affects the body

45
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Describes how the body deals with the drug, including absorption, distribution, bio-transformation (metabolism) and excretion; also deals with ones, peak, and duration of the drug in the body

46
Q

Placebo

A

An inactive-substance or treatment; may be used as a nonspecific or inactive control in tightly-controlled clinical-trials approved by an IRB (Institutional Review Board); may elicit a response; due to patient expectation; deceptive use is unethical

47
Q

Pregnancy categories

A

Classification of drugs according to risk-benefit ratio for the mother and fetus. Categories include: A,B,C,D, and X with A being the lowest risk and X being the highest

48
Q

Protein-bound

A

The binding of a drug to proteins within the body, especially albumin; protein-bound drugs are not free to diffuse across cell-membranes to the final site-or-action

49
Q

Receptor

A

A cell-component that combines with a drug or hormone to alter the function of the cell

50
Q

Receptor-sites

A

Sites on cell-membranes that react with specific other chemicals to cause an effect; a drug may be effective because it reacts with a specific receptor-site on particular cells in the body

51
Q

Scheduled-drug

A

A controlled-substance, such as a narcotic; controlled substances are classified as belonging to one of the five schedules, I to V, according to abuse-potential, and I having the highest and V the lowest potential for abuse

52
Q

Superinfection

A

A new infection by an organism different from the initial-infection being treated by anti microbial-therapy; manifested by one or more of the following; black, hairy-tongue; glossitis, stomatitis, anal-itching, loose, foul-smelling stool; vaginal itching or discharge; sudden fever, cough

53
Q

Synergistic action

A

Cooperative action by 2 or more drugs in which one drug potentiates the other drug, resulting in an effect greater than the combined effect of 2 drugs from the same category. As a result, a smaller dose of 1 drug (eg. An opioid) is needed because it is potentiated by the other drug

54
Q

Therapeutic-range

A

Describes those drug-concentrations below which the desired-effect will not be achieved and above which unacceptable-toxicity will occur

55
Q

Trade name

A

Same as the brand name

56
Q

Trough level

A

Lowest plasma concentration of a drug; measures rate at which drug is eliminated

57
Q

Toxicity

A

The extent of quality of being poisonous

58
Q

Vitamin

A

Essential organic substances found in foods and needed for health and life

Pharmocology (6 decks)

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