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Pharmocology > Chapter 1:A > Flashcards

Chapter 1:A Flashcards

0
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy

A

Gross or macroscopic (regional, surface, systemic)
Microscopic (cytology and histology)
Developmental (embryology)

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of structure

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2
Q

Tools for the study of Anatomy

A 
Mastery of anatomical terminology
Observation
Manipulation
Palpation
Auscultation
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3
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the functions at many levels
(subdivisions are based on organ systems)
e.g. renal or cardiovascular physiology

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4
Q

Tools for the study of physiology

A

ability to focus at many levels
basic physical principles
basic chemical principles

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5
Q

Principle of Complementarity

A

Anatomy and Physiology are inseparable
Function always reflects structure
What a structure can do depends on its specific form.

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6
Q

Levels of Structural Organization

A 
Chemical- atoms and molecules
Cellular- cells and their organelles
Tissue- groups of similar cells
Organ- contains 2 or more types of tissues
Organ System- organs that work closely
Organismal- all organ systems
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7
Q

Organ Systems Interrelationships

A

all cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
Organ systems work cooperatively to preform necessary life functions

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8
Q

Necessary Life Functions

A

maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments
Plasma membranes
Skin

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9
Q

Movements

A

(contractility)
Of body parts (skeletal muscles)
Of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle)

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10
Q

Responsiveness

A

The ability to sense and respond to stimuli
withdrawal reflex
control of breathing rate

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11
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs

Absorption of simple molecules into the blood

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12
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions that occur in body cells

Catabolism and Anabolism

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13
Q

Excretion

A

The removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion

Urea, carbon dioxide, feces

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14
Q

Reproduction

A

Cellular Division for growth or repair

Production of offspring

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15
Q

Growth

A

Increase in size of a body part or of organism

16
Q

Survival Needs

A

Plants: carbs, vitamins, minerals
Animals: fats, proteins

17
Q

Nutrients

A

Chemicals for energy and cell building

18
Q

Oxygen

A

20% in air

Essential for energy release (ATP production)

19
Q

Water

A

Body is made up of about 60-80%
Most abundant chemical in the body
Site of chemical reactions

20
Q

Normal body temp

A

98.6%
Affects rate of chemical reactions
Temp goes up, body function goes up
Temp goes down, body function goes down

21
Q

Appropriate atmospheric pressure

A

For adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

22
Q

Homeostasis

same stay

A

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes

A dynamic state of equilibrium

23
Q

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

A

Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors (variables)

Nervous and Endocrine systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones

24
Q

Receptor (sensor)

A

Monitors the environment

Responds to stimuli (changes in controlled variables)

25
Q

Control Center

A

Determine the set point at which the variable is maintained

Receives input from receptor

Determines appropriate response

26
Q

Effector

A

Receives output from control center

Provides the means to respond

Response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus (feedback)

27
Q

Negative Feedback

A

The response reduces or shuts off the original stimuli

Examples
Regulation of body temperature
Regulation of blood volume by ADH

28
Q

Negative Feedback

Regulation of blood volume by ADH

A

Receptors sense decreased blood volume
Control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary glad to release antidiuretic hormone
ADH causes the kidneys (effector) to return more water to the blood

29
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic

30
Q

Positive Feedback

A

The response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
Usually controls infrequent events
Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
Platelet plug formation and blood clotting

31
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance

A

Disturbance of homeostasis
Increases risk of disease
Contributes to changes associated with aging
May allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (heart failure)

Pharmocology (6 decks)

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