Chapter 1:A Flashcards
Subdivisions of Anatomy
Gross or macroscopic (regional, surface, systemic)
Microscopic (cytology and histology)
Developmental (embryology)
Anatomy
the study of structure
Tools for the study of Anatomy
Mastery of anatomical terminology Observation Manipulation Palpation Auscultation
Physiology
the study of the functions at many levels
(subdivisions are based on organ systems)
e.g. renal or cardiovascular physiology
Tools for the study of physiology
ability to focus at many levels
basic physical principles
basic chemical principles
Principle of Complementarity
Anatomy and Physiology are inseparable
Function always reflects structure
What a structure can do depends on its specific form.
Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical- atoms and molecules Cellular- cells and their organelles Tissue- groups of similar cells Organ- contains 2 or more types of tissues Organ System- organs that work closely Organismal- all organ systems
Organ Systems Interrelationships
all cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
Organ systems work cooperatively to preform necessary life functions
Necessary Life Functions
maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments
Plasma membranes
Skin
Movements
(contractility)
Of body parts (skeletal muscles)
Of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle)
Responsiveness
The ability to sense and respond to stimuli
withdrawal reflex
control of breathing rate
Digestion
Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
Absorption of simple molecules into the blood
Metabolism
All chemical reactions that occur in body cells
Catabolism and Anabolism
Excretion
The removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
Urea, carbon dioxide, feces
Reproduction
Cellular Division for growth or repair
Production of offspring
Growth
Increase in size of a body part or of organism
Survival Needs
Plants: carbs, vitamins, minerals
Animals: fats, proteins
Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Oxygen
20% in air
Essential for energy release (ATP production)
Water
Body is made up of about 60-80%
Most abundant chemical in the body
Site of chemical reactions
Normal body temp
98.6%
Affects rate of chemical reactions
Temp goes up, body function goes up
Temp goes down, body function goes down
Appropriate atmospheric pressure
For adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
Homeostasis
same stay
Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes
A dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors (variables)
Nervous and Endocrine systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones
Receptor (sensor)
Monitors the environment
Responds to stimuli (changes in controlled variables)
Control Center
Determine the set point at which the variable is maintained
Receives input from receptor
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Receives output from control center
Provides the means to respond
Response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus (feedback)
Negative Feedback
The response reduces or shuts off the original stimuli
Examples
Regulation of body temperature
Regulation of blood volume by ADH
Negative Feedback
Regulation of blood volume by ADH
Receptors sense decreased blood volume
Control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary glad to release antidiuretic hormone
ADH causes the kidneys (effector) to return more water to the blood
ADH
antidiuretic
Positive Feedback
The response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
Usually controls infrequent events
Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
Platelet plug formation and blood clotting
Homeostatic Imbalance
Disturbance of homeostasis
Increases risk of disease
Contributes to changes associated with aging
May allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (heart failure)
