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Pharmacology > Pharmacology Review > Flashcards

Pharmacology Review Flashcards

1
Q

Ionization

A

Decreases a molecule or drug’s ability to pass through membranes

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2
Q

Potency

A

The amount of drug needed to produce a pharmacological effect

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3
Q

Efficacy

A

The maximum effect of a drug

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4
Q

Schedule 1 Drug

A

Use is forbidden except for research
Drugs remain here if the potential for abuse is too high
Researchers must apply to the FDA for clearance to use for research

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5
Q

Schedule 2 Drug

A

High potential for abuse, may lead to physical and/or psychological dependence
Prescription may be written for a maximum 30 day supply with no refills (or 3 separate prescriptions each for a 30-day supply)
Prescription may be renewed by telephone in an emergency, but a written prescription must follow within 72 hours
“Rx Only”
Monitored by DEA, which sets quotas for amount manufactured and distributed

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6
Q

Schedule 3 Drug

A

Moderate to low physical dependence possible
High psychological dependence possible
Prescription must be renewed after 6 months or 5 refills
May be renewed by telephone or fax
Higher penalties than Schedule 4 for illegal possession
“Rx Only”
Monitored by DEA, which has quotas for amount manufactured and distributed

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7
Q

Schedule 4 Drug

A

Lower potential for abuse
Prescription must be renewed after 6 months or 5 refills
May be renewed by telephone or fax
Lower penalties than Schedule 3 for illegal possession
“Rx Only”
Monitored by DEA

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8
Q

Schedule 5 Drug

A

No prescription necessary, except in California
Not over-the-counter
Monitored by DEA, which has quotas for amount manufactured and distributed

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9
Q

Official Name

A

The name of the drug used in the official drug reference, the U.S.P.

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10
Q

Generic Name

A

The name handed down through antiquity, or the “code” name used during the test phased that is based on the chemical name

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11
Q

Trade Name

A

AKA Brand name or proprietary name, copyrighted and restricted to use by a single company

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12
Q

PDR

A

Manufacturers buy space and provide information similar to drug inserts
Cross-referenced to generic and chemical names
Manufacturers may not promote off-label use

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13
Q

The Pharmacopeia of the United States of America (U.S.P.)

A

Includes single drugs
Very authoritative, one of 2 official drug reference texts
Older drugs removed in favor of newer, more effective ones

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14
Q

National Formulary (N.F.)

A

Very authoritative, one of 2 official drug reference texts
Includes single drugs and formulas for drug mixtures
Often includes drugs removed from the U.S.P.

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15
Q

AMA Drug Evaluations

A

Drugs grouped according to use

General discussion provided of each group, with both favorable and unfavorable judgments expressed

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16
Q

Drug Facts and Comparisons

A

Drugs grouped according to use
Comparison of various drug forms, including over-the-counter drugs
Color photos

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17
Q

American Hospital Formulary Service (A.H.F.S.)

A

Similar to Drug Facts and Comparisons

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18
Q

Local drug administration

A

Drug action occurs only at the site of application (usually topical)

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19
Q

Systemic drug administration

A

Drug is distributed throughout the body, and action may be on whole body or on target organ(s)

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20
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Rest and Digest
Wet and Juicy
Muscarinic cholinergic receptors at effector organs
2 effector neurons

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21
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or Flight
Adrenergic receptors at effector organs
2 effector neurons

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22
Q

Voluntary Nervous System

A

1 effector neuron

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23
Q

Alpha adrenergic receptors

A

Targets of sympathetic nervous system, stimulated by norepinephrine
Contracts smooth muscle of vasculature, pupil lens (dilation), and sphincters of GI tract (slows motility)

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24
Q

Beta 1 adrenergic receptors

A

Targets of sympathetic nervous system, stimulated by norepinephrine
Positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart

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25
Q

Beta 2 adrenergic receptors

A

Targets of sympathetic nervous system, stimulated by norepinehrine
Relaxation of bronchiole smooth muscle and urinary bladder

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26
Q

Muscarinic cholinergic receptors

A

Targets of parasymoathetic nervous system, stimukated by acetylcholine
Contraction of smooth muscle in bladder and pupil lens (constriction), stimulates exocrine glands, negative chronotropic effect on heart, and slight dilation of peripheral blood vessels

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27
Q

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors

A

Targets in ganglia, neuromuscular junctions, and the adrenal medulla

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28
Q

Postural hypotension

A

Body is unable to constrict blood vessels in response to to postural changes, blood remains pooled in the lower half of the body
Adrenergic antagonists may cause this, may be treated with adrenergic agonists

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29
Q

Pressor

A

Indicated for: Hypotension

MOA: Elevates blood pressure

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30
Q

Beta blockers

A

Indicated for: Hypertension, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, angina, wide angle glaucoma (timolol maleate), counteracting digitalis toxicity
MOA: Negative chronotropic, negative inotropic, negative dromotropic effects. Inhibits the release of renin, decreases fluid production in the eye
SE: GI, possible AV-block, bronchiole constriction
CI: Asthma, AV-block, heart failure

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31
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A

Indicated for: Heart failure (first-line therapy), hypertension, reduce diabetic nephropathy NOT A GOOD OPTION FOR BLACK PATIENTS
MOA: Decreases release of aldosterone (less fluid retention), less vasoconstriction
SE: Persistent cough, rash, proteinuria, GI
CI: Pregnancy, hyperkalemia, potassium-sparing diuretics (aldosterone antagonists/spironolactone, triamterene/amiloride)

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32
Q

Nitric Oxide (NO)

A

Indicated for: Angina
MOA: Relaxes smooth muscle of vasculature, decreases workload of heart, slightly dilates coronary vessels
SE: Tachycardia, headache, postural hypotension, GI
CI: Administration which send it to the liver, glaucoma, head trauma, storage in heat or light

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33
Q

Glycosides

A

Indicated for: Congestive heart failure, atrial flutter
MOA: Increase Ca release within heart muscle for positive inotropic effect and negative dromotropic effects, increase vagal tone
SE: GI, tinted vision, double vision, nervous irritability, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillations, A-V block
CI: Recent heart attack, ventricular tachycardia, partial heart block, cardioversion, Ca administration, hypokalemia, renal/hepatic disorder in older patients, non-potassium-sparing diuretics (thiazide, furosemide, ethacrynic acid, bumetanide, torsemide)

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34
Q

Adrenergic agonists/Antocholinergic agents

A

Indicated for: EMERGENCY cardiac arrest, hypotensive crisis, AV block, bradycardia
MOA: Positive inotropic effect, positive dromotropic effect, or blocks muscarinic negative chronotropic effect
SE: Tachycardia/arrhythmias, CNS stimulation, hypertenion
CI: Chronic use, congestive heart failure, angina (unless emergency), hypertension

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35
Q

Lidocaine

A

Indicated for: Ventricular tachycardia, cardiac surgery, heart attack, digitalis toxicity
MOA: Na channel blocker, negative dromotropic effect

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36
Q

Quinidine

A

Indicated for: Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, premature systoles
MOA: Na channel blocker, decrease excitability, negative dromotropic effect, negative inotropic effect, anticholinergic action at AV node to prevent cardiac slowing
SE: Cinchoism (GI, ototoxicity, blurred vision/blindness, headache)
CI: AV block, cardiac failure, allergy, glaucoma, urinary retention, hypokalemia or hyperkalemia

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37
Q

Heparin

A

Indicated for: Blood clot prevention, anaphylaxis
MOA: Prevents conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and fibrinogen to fibrin
CI: Bleeding tendencies
Must be given parenterally

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38
Q

Coumarin derivatives

A

Indicated for: Blood clot prevention
MOA: Interference with vitamin K and with formation of prothrombin
CI: Bleeding tendencies

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39
Q

Aspirin/Salicylates

A

Indicated for: Pain, fever, inflammation, and venous/coronary thrombosis prevention
MOA: Long-lasting COX-2 Inhibition
SE: GI irritation, CNS stimulation, possible respiratory aklalosis from respiratory stimulation, transient ototoxicity, possible decrease in GFR
CI: Children/teenagers with flu or chicken pox, bleeding disorders
Plasma-protein bound, CP450

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40
Q

NSAIDS

A

Indicated for: Pain, fever, inflammation and blood clot prevention
MOA: Short-acting COX-2 inhibition
SE: Kidney damage, liver damage, bone marrow effects
Minimal GI effects

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41
Q

Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (rTPA)

A

Indicated for: Acute pulmonary embolism, coronary thrombosis, strokes, deep venous thrombosis, arterial clots
MOA: Convert plasminogen to plasmin, dissolving the clot and preventing clot formation
CI: Bleeding disorders, cerebrovascular accident over 2 hours old, tumor, surgery/childbirth within the last few months

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42
Q

Iron

A

Indicated for: Anemia
MOA: Replaces necessary component of hemoglobin
SE: Headache, GI, staining/injury of teeth

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43
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Indicated for: Anemia

MOA: Replaces necessary component for DNA synthesis

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44
Q

Folic acid:

A

Indicated for: Anemia
MOA: Replaces necessary component for DNA synthesis
SE: May allow nerve damage to progress if B12 deficiency

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45
Q

Red blood cells/whole blood

A

Indicated for: Anemia
MOA: Replaces blood cells
CI: Hepatitis, transfusion reactions

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46
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Indicated for: Anemia

MOA: Stimulates production of red blood cells

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47
Q

CNS Stimulants

A

Amphetamines/Ritalin: ADHD
Xanthines: Pain from headaches, asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, drowsiness
Cocaine: Derivatives used as local anesthetic

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48
Q

Epilepsy

A

Caused by too much stimulation, counter by increasing GABA

49
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Caused by too little dopamine and too much acetylcholine, counter by increasing dopamine or decreasing acetylcholine

50
Q

Depression

A

Caused by too little norepinephrine and serotonin, counter by increasing norepinephrine and/or serotonin

51
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Caused by too much dopamine, countered by decreasing dopamine

52
Q

Manic-depressive episodes (bipolar disorder)

A

Caused by unbalanced norepinephrine, counter by decreasing norepinephrine release and increasing reuptake

53
Q

Inhalation anesthetics

A

Indicated for: Anesthesia
Responses: Loss of consciousness, amnesia
SE: Respiratory depression, decreased blood pressure, decreased heart rate, arrhythmia, postoperative nausea/vomiting, possible malignant hypothermia

54
Q

Thiopental

A

Indicated for: Intravenous anesthesia
Responses: Rapid loss of consciousness
SE: Respiratory depression, decreased blood pressure, decreased heart rate, increased sensitivity to pain

55
Q

Ketamine

A

Indicated for: Intravenous anesthesia
Responses: Analgesia without loss of consciousness at l;ow dose, loss of consciousness at high dose
SE: Nightmares, hallucinations

56
Q

Barbiturates

A

Indicated for: Anxiety, insomnia, anesthesia, convulsions
MOA: GABA-independent CNS depression by enhancing Cl entrance and hyperpolarizing cells
SE: Drowsiness, impaired performance, hangover effect, hyperalgesia, respiratory depression if overdose
CI: Addictive, additive with other sedative-hypnotics, withdrawals, activates CP450

57
Q

Benzodiazepenes

A

Indicated for: Anxiety, insomnia, anesthesia, convulsions
MOA: GABA-dependent CNS depression
SE: Drowsiness, impaired performance, hangover effect, respiratory depression if overdose
CI: Addictive, additive with other sedative-hypnotics, withdrawals, activates CP450

58
Q

Phenothiazones

A

Indicated for: Schizophrenia, manic phase of mani-depressive disorder
MOA: Block the effects of dopamine
SE: More sedation, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, fewer extrapyramidal effects, endocrine imbalance

59
Q

Thioxanthenes

A

Indicated for: Schizophrenia, manic phase of manic-depressive disorder
MOA: Block effects of dopamine
SE: Some sedation, blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, more extrapyramidal

60
Q

Butyrophenones

A

Indicated for: Schizophrenia, manic phase of manic-depressive disorder
MOA: Block effects of dopamine
SE: Little sedation, fewer autonomic side effects, more extrapyramidal

61
Q

Lithium

A

Indicated for: Manic-depressive disroder
MOA: Decreases norepinephrine release, increases norepinephrine reuptake
SE: Slurred speech, hand tremor, GI irritation, polyuria, polydipsia, renal damage, hypothyroidism,
CI: Low therapeutic index, Na abnormality, pregnancy

62
Q

Narcotic antitussives

A

Indicated for: Cough that is nonproductive and threatens injury
MOA: Depress cough center in medulla
SE: Addictive, constipation, respiratory depression

63
Q

Non-narcotic antitussives

A

Indicated for: Cough that is nonproductive and threatens injury
MOA: Reduce activity of stretch receptors in lungs, depress cough center

64
Q

H1 Antagonists

A

Indicated for: Allergic reactions, motion sickness
MOA: Prevent action of histamine, CNS depression which decreases sensitivity of inner ear
SE: Sedation, dry mouth, blurred vision
CI: Additive with other sedatives, asthma, blood abnormalities

65
Q

H2 Antagonists

A

Indicated for: Gastric ulcers, heartburn

SE: GI, Inhibits CP450, gynecomastia, mental confusion in older patients

66
Q

Sympathomimetics

A

Indicated for: Rescue drug for asthma
MOA: Beta 2 agonist, bronchiole dilation
SE: Tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension, GI, headache, dizziness

67
Q

Xanthines

A

Indicated for: Chronic asthma, pulmonary edema
MOA: Bronchiole dilation
SE: GI, stimulation of emetic center, CNS stimulation, hypotension, headache

68
Q

Anticholinergic

A

Indicated for: Chronic asthma (as adjunct)
MOA: Inhibit bronchoconstriciton
SE: Drying of airways

69
Q

Mast Cell Stabilizers

A

Indicated for: Asthma attack prevention, especially exercise-induced asthma in older patients
MOA: Prevents allergic histamine response
SE: Bronchospasms, throat irritation, bitter taste

70
Q

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists

A

Indicated for: Chronic asthma
MOA: Prevents leukotrienes from causing inflammation
SE: Headache, GI upset, CP450 inhibition

71
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Indicated for: Asthma rescue drug, COPD
MOA: Suppression of antibody formation, promotes bronchodilation
SE: Hoarseness, dry mouth, local infections in mouth and pharynx, osteoporosis, cataracts, growth stunting, infection, poor wound healing, salt/water retention, CNS stimulation

72
Q

Demulcents

A

Agents with soothing effects

73
Q

Expectorants

A

Increase secretion of mucus in bronchi or reduce mucus viscosity

74
Q

Cathartics

A

Laxatives or purgatives

75
Q

Carminatives

A

Antiflatulents

76
Q

Penicillin

A

Spectrum: Narrow
MOA: Bactericidal cell wall synthesis inhibitors

77
Q

Cephalosporins

A

Spectrum: Narrow, klebsiella
MOA: Bactericidal cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Resistant to penicillinase

78
Q

Carbapenems

A

Spectrum: Broad, most gram-postitive and gram-negative bacteria
MOA: Bactericidal cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Resistant to beta lactamase

79
Q

Monobactams

A

Spectrum: Troublesome gram-negative bacteria
MOA: Bactericidal cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Little-to-know cross-allergenicity to penicillins

80
Q

Glycopeptides

A

MOA: Cell wall synthesis inhibitor.
Drug of last resort, very toxic.
SE: Red Man Syndrome

81
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Spectrum: Broad, klebsiella, enterobacter, e coli, pseudomonas
MOA: Bactericidal protein synthesis inhibitor
SE: Ototoxicity, renal damage, neuromuscular blockade at neuromuscular junction

82
Q

Quinolones/Fluroquinolones

A

Spectrum: Broad,
MOA: Bactericidal DNA inhibitors
SE: nausea, anaphylaxis rashes, visual disturbance, phototoxicity, depressed bone marrow, acute interstitial nephritis, arthritis, tendonitis, cartilage erosion in young animals

83
Q

Macrolides

A

Spectrum: Narrow
MOA: Bacteriostatic protein synthesis inhibitors
SE: GI, ototoxicity, allergy, jaundice
Resistant strains develop easily

84
Q

Tetracycline

A

Spectrum: Broad, animal-borne infections and STIs
MOA: Bacteriostatic protein synthesis inhibitors
SE: Discoloration of children’s teeth, phototsensitivity, superinfection possible if taken chronically for acne, decreases efficacy of oral contraceptives

85
Q

Lincosamides

A

MOA: Bacteriostatic protein synthesis inhibitor

Used in patients allergic to penicillin

86
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Spectrum: Broad, typhoid, meningeal infections, salmonella, anaerobic infections
MOA: Bacteriostatic protein synthesis inhibitor
SE: Grey baby syndrome

87
Q

Sulfonamides

A

Spectrum: Broad, otitis media, UTI, vaginal infections
MOA: Bacteriostatic folic acid synthesis inhibitor
SE: Renal damage, resistance common

88
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Spectrum: Broad
MOA: Bacteriostatic folic acid synthesis inhibitor
CI: Folate deficiency

89
Q

Acne Treatments

A

Tretinion/Retinoic Acid: May cause temporary worsening, photosensitivity, UV sensitivity
Benzoyl Peroxide
Topical Antibiotics (clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline)
Tetracycline Oral: GI upset, vaginitis, skin infections, fungal infections, superinfection, decreases efficacy of oral contraceptives, contraindicated in pregnancy
Erythromycin Oral: GI upset, vaginitis, skin infections, fungal infections, used with caution in pregnancy
Oral Contraceptives
Oral 13/Cisretinoic Acid/Acutane: Highly teratogenic, dry skin, alopecia, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatitis, acute pancreatitis, pseudotumor cerebri, joint/muscoluskeletal pain, skeletal hyperostoses

90
Q

Wide Angle Glaucoma

A

Caused by poor drainage of aqueous humor due to abnormal blood vessel permeability or overproduction of fluid
Treated with prostaglandin analogs, adrenergic drugs, beta blockers/timolol maleate, osmotic diuretics, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

91
Q

Narrow Angle Glaucoma

A

Caused by poor drainage of aqueous humor due to position of the iris
Treated with cholinergic drugs to reduce fluid formation

92
Q

Ocular Steroids

A

Indicated for: allergic reactions of the eye, severe injury, non-pus producing inflammation
Caution with pus-producing inflammation, will suppress immune system

93
Q

Emollient

A

Fatty/oily substance used to soften/soothe irritated skin/mucus membrane

94
Q

Keratolytic

A

Keratin dissolver, softens and loosens outer layer of the skin

95
Q

Secretion

A

Movement of waste products/foreign materials from the blood into the renal tubule

96
Q

Filtration

A

Passive transport of nutrients and wastes from the glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule

97
Q

Reabsorption

A

Active transport of nutrients from the renal tubule to the blood

98
Q

Correction of Acidosis

A

Kidney reabsorbs more HCO3 rather than Cl, actively secretes more H rather than K
May cause hyperkalemia

99
Q

Correction of Alkalosis

A

Kidney resorbs more Cl rather than HCO3, actively secretes more K rather than H
May cause hypokalemia

100
Q

Thiazides

A

Indicated for: Hypertension (first-line drug), fluid retention, acute pulmonary edema
MOA: Inhibits HCO3 reabsorption from the proximal tubule and Cl reabsorption from the ascending loop of Henle, vasodilator
SE: Weakness, GI, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia (in diabetics), aggravation of gout from increased uric acid in blood, and skin reactions
The ONLY diuretic safe for pregnancy

101
Q

Furosemide

A

Indicated for: Emergency diuretic. Congestive heart failure, acute pulmonary edema, acute hypertension, chronic renal failure
MOA: Inhibits Cl reabsorption from the ascending loop of Henle, vasodilator
SE: Electrolyte imbalance (especially hypokalemia, deydration, hypotension, and transient to permanent ototoxicity

102
Q

Ethacrynic acis, Bumetanide, Torsemide

A

Indicated for: Edema of various causes
MOA: Inhibit Na reabsorption fro the proximal renal tubule, inhibit Cl reabsorption from the ascending loop of Henle
SE: Toxicity (worsens with chronic use), dehydration, hypotension, hypokalemia, alkalosis, transient to permanent ototoxicity, myalgia
RAPID, NOT ADMINISTERED MORE THAN ONCE PER DAY
NO VASODILATOR EFFECT

103
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

A

Indicated for: Seizure adjunct, prevention of motion sickness, wide angle glaucoma
NO LONGER USED FOR DIURESIS

104
Q

Aldosterone antagonists/Spironolactone

A

Indicated for: Diuresis while preventing hypokalemia
MOA: Inhibits aldosterone from drawing water back into the body from the renal tubules
USE IN COMBINATION WITH THIAZIDES, OR WHEN OTHER DIURETICS INEFFECTIVE OR TOO TOXIC
SE: Hyperkalemia if given without thiazide or other loop diuretic, gynecomastia in men
NO EFFECT ON ADRENALECTOMIZED PATIENT

105
Q

Triamterene/Amiloride

A

Indicated for: Diuresis while preventing hypokalemia
MOA: Antagonistic of aldosterone, works independently of aldosterone presence
SE: HYperkalemia if given without thiazide, blood urea elevation with chronic use, possible blood glucose elevation
EFFECTIVE FOR ADRENALECTOMIZED PATIENT

106
Q

Osmotic Diuretics

A

Indicated for: Dehydration of overhydrated cells (especially in brain or eye), maintenance of high urine volume
MOA: Osmotically attracts water by adding sugar to the blood stream
Caution: Congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, possible circulatory overload, possible hypertension

107
Q

Natural Immunity

A

Inborn immunity preventing microbes from flourishing on tissue

108
Q

Active Acquired Immunity

A

Formation of antibodies by the individual in response to an antigen
May be stimulated by vaccination (against viruses) or toxoids (against bacterial toxins)

109
Q

Passive Acquired Immunity

A

Administration of preformed antibodies into the individual, so no memory is established
May be antivenins, Gamma globulins, or Rho Gam

110
Q

Adrenocorticosteroids

A

Produced by the adrenal cortex
Production stimulated by ACTH
Include mineralcorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), and reproductive hormones (androgens, estrogens, progesterone)

111
Q

Glucocorticoid (Cortisol) Treatment

A

Indicated for: Addison’s disease, inflammatoery response suppression, bronchodilation, cancer, diagnostic ACTH suppression
SE: Mimic Cushing’s Syndrome. Adrenal gland atrophy due to negative feedback, delayed wound healing, immunosuppression, peptic ulcers, amenorrhea, osteoporosis, catarcacts, growth stunting in children, and CNS stimulation
Caution: Drug interactions, including antidiabetics, oral anticoagulants, vaccines, hypokalemia-causing drugs, and aspirin. Stress. Withdrawal must be done slowly.

112
Q

Mineralcorticosteroid (Aldosterone) Treatment

A

Indicated for: Maintenance of Na, K and blood volume due to adrenal insufficiency
Drug used instead of true aldosterone

113
Q

Insulin Deficiency

A

Hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, ketoacidosis, fruity breath, hunger, vascular damage (eyes extremeties, heart, kidneys, brain), neuropathy, infection (gangrene), edema, albuminuria

114
Q

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents

Sulfonylureas, Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors, Biguanides, Thiazolidinediones

A

Indicated for: Supplementation of dietary control in Type 2 diabetes

115
Q

Estrogen Therapy

A

May cause: Postmenopausal bleeding, thromboembolism, GI, endomtetrial cancer, vaginal cancer in women whose mothers were treated with diethylsilbesterol (DES)

116
Q

Progesterone Therapy

A

May cause: Thromboembolism and cancer (less so than estrogen if low doses used), increased risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke (if high doses used), fatigue, depression

117
Q

Androgen/Testosterone Therapy

A

May cause: Retention of Na, K, Cl, and water (contributing to heart failure), jaundice, nausea
Female: Acne, facial hair, voice deepening, excess muscle development
Male: Impotence, decreased spermatogenesis, gynecomastia, liver abnormalities, psychotic episodes
Children: Premature close of epiphyseal plates, abnormal sexual maturation

118
Q

Biphosphonates

A

Indicated for: Postmenopausal osteoporosis, hypercalcemia of malignancy, Paget’s disease
DRUG OF CHOICE
MOA: Inhibit both normal and abnormal bone reabsorption, especially in patients with most severe bone loss

119
Q

Ca Channel Blockers

A

Indicated for: Hypertension, atrial tachycardia, angina
GOOD FOR BLACK PATIENTS
May cause peripheral edema, dizziness, fatigue, flushing, constipation, GI

Pharmacology (10 decks)

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