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Pharmacology > General Terms > Flashcards

General Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Dose

A

Amount of drug or treatment given or taken at one time

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2
Q

Effective dose

A

Amount of drug necessary to produce a therapeutic effect

Same as therapeutic dose

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3
Q

Toxic dose

A

Amount of a drug necessary to produce untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning

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4
Q

Lethal dose

A

Amount of drug that will cause death

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5
Q

Therapeutic dose

A

Amount of drug necessary to produce a therapeutic effect

Same as effective dose

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6
Q

Therapeutic index

A

The lethal dose divided by the effective dose
Indicated the margin of safety
Larger index is desirable

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7
Q

Bioavailability

A

Amount of drug available at the target

Percent of drug reaching the bloodstream in a form that has an effect

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8
Q

Half-life

Elimination half-time

A

Time required to eliminate half the amount of a given drug from the body that was present at the beginning of the time period

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9
Q

Steady state

A

Reached within 5 half-lives if a medication is re-administered

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10
Q

Additive effects

A

When the combined effects of 2 or more drugs administered at the same time is equal to the sum of their individual effects

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11
Q

Antagonistic effect

A

When two or more drugs are given together and the combined effects are less than the sum of the individual effects

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12
Q

Synergistic effects

A

When the combined effect of two or more drugs administered at the same time is greater than the sum of their individual effects

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13
Q

Potentiation

A

The increase in effectiveness that is seen when a drug that has no effectiveness by itself increases the effectiveness of a different drug

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14
Q

Teratogenic

A

Causing birth defects

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15
Q

Official drug name

A

Name used in the official drug reference for a particular drug

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16
Q

Chemical drug name

A

Name describing the exact chemical composition of a drug

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17
Q

Generic drug name

A

Original name (for older drugs) or the “code” name given during the testing phase of the drug (for newer drugs)
May become the official name
NOT indicating a therapeutic equivalency

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18
Q

Trade drug name
Brand name
Proprietary name

A

Copyrighted name for a drug, the use of which is restricted to a single company
Copyrighted name can be renewed (unlike the patent)

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19
Q

Local drug activity

A

Drug action occurring only at the site of application

May be toxic if absorbed systemically

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20
Q

Systemic drug activity

A

Action of a drug that is absorbed and then distributed throughout the body
May be on whole body or on a specific target organ

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21
Q

Drug administration through skin

A

Primarily for local action

May have a systemic effect if the skin is broken

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22
Q

Drug administration through nasal mucosa

A

For local and systemic action

Over-administration may lead to toxic systemic absorption

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23
Q

Drug administration through inhalation

A

Can be local (antibiotics) or systemic (anesthetics)

24
Q

Genitourinary drug administration

A

Primarily for local action

May have a systemic effect if mucosal lining is traumatized

25
Oral drug administration benefits
Primarily for systemic action Convenient form of administration Safe, often taking 1 - 1.5 hours to see an effect Cost-effective Absorption rate can be controlled by timing around food intake
26
Effects of taking oral drugs before meals
Quick absorption | The drug is more easily destroyed
27
Effects of taking drugs with meals
Food protects the GI tract from drug irritation
28
Effects of taking drugs after meals
Slow absorption
29
Oral drug administration contraindications
Not effective if patient vomiting or unconscious (requires cooperation) Drug can be too irritating Drug may not reach blood stream in high enough concentration (not absorbed, destroyed by enzymes or destroyed by the liver)
30
Sublingual and buccal drug administration
Primarily for systemic action Drugs not processed by liver nor digestive enzymes Drug will be both swallowed and absorbed by vasculature
31
Rectal drug administration
Primarily for systemic action Drugs not processed by liver nor digestive enzymes Drugs that are irritating to the stomach will not come into contact with the stomach Can be used in unconscious or uncooperative patients
32
Intradermal injection
Administered just below the skin | Not common
33
Subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection
Administered between the skin and muscle layers Only small amounts can be given May irritate at the injection site Likely to come into contact with blood vessels or nerve endings
34
Intramuscular injection
``` Administered within the muscle layer Large amounts can be given Irritation unlikely to cause necrosis Unlikely to come into contact with blood vessels or nerve endings Watery substances absorbed quickly Suspensions absorbed slowly ```
35
Intravenous injection
Rapid administration | High risk of hazard
36
Intraspinal injection
Epidural Subdural Subarachnoid
37
Intraarticular injection
Injection into the joint | For local effect
38
Efficacy
Maximum effect produced by a drug
39
Potency
Amount of drug necessary to produce a pharmacological effect
40
Drug Enforcement Administration (D.E.A.)
Established in 1973 | Controls distribution and sale of all drugs (including marketing)
41
Food and Drug Administration (F.D.A.)
Supervises and controls research and manufacture of all drugs
42
Therapeutic effect
The effect for which a drug is administered
43
Side effect
Any effect of a drug other than the one for which the drug was administered
44
Untoward effect
A side effect regarded as harmful or very unpleasant to the individual
45
Pharmacology
The study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms
46
Pharmacotherapeutics
The branch of pharmacology concerned with drugs used to prevent disorders and treat disease
47
Pharmacodynamics
The branch of pharmacology concerned with drug mechanisms of action and observable effects, both biochemical and physiological
48
Pharmacokinetics
The branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs through the body (absorption, distribution, metabolism/biotransformation and excretion)
49
Toxicology
The study of harmful effects of drugs
50
Clinical testing | Phase 1
Use healthy volunteers | Record any data on purity, bioavailability, potency, efficacy, safety and toxicity
51
Clinical testing | Phase 2
Use a few volunteers who need the drug therapeutically | Monitor safety and toxicity, record data on potency, efficacy, side effects and risks
52
Clinical testing | Phase 3
Use a large number of volunteers who need the drug therapeutically See more rare adverse effects Provides more data on effectiveness and safety
53
Clinical testing | Phase 4
Voluntary monitoring of drug through the first few years of use
54
Placebo
An inactive substance given to satisfy a patient's demand for medicine or as part of an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new drug
55
Double blind experiment
Experiment in which neither the patient nor the investigator knows who has received the placebo or the test treatment
56
Crossover study
Experiment in which the order of drug administration is randomized (some patients get placebo, some get control, then they are switched)

Pharmacology (10 decks)

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