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Pharmacology > General Terms > Flashcards

General Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Dose

A

Amount of drug or treatment given or taken at one time

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2
Q

Effective dose

A

Amount of drug necessary to produce a therapeutic effect

Same as therapeutic dose

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3
Q

Toxic dose

A

Amount of a drug necessary to produce untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning

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4
Q

Lethal dose

A

Amount of drug that will cause death

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5
Q

Therapeutic dose

A

Amount of drug necessary to produce a therapeutic effect

Same as effective dose

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6
Q

Therapeutic index

A

The lethal dose divided by the effective dose
Indicated the margin of safety
Larger index is desirable

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7
Q

Bioavailability

A

Amount of drug available at the target

Percent of drug reaching the bloodstream in a form that has an effect

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8
Q

Half-life

Elimination half-time

A

Time required to eliminate half the amount of a given drug from the body that was present at the beginning of the time period

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9
Q

Steady state

A

Reached within 5 half-lives if a medication is re-administered

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10
Q

Additive effects

A

When the combined effects of 2 or more drugs administered at the same time is equal to the sum of their individual effects

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11
Q

Antagonistic effect

A

When two or more drugs are given together and the combined effects are less than the sum of the individual effects

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12
Q

Synergistic effects

A

When the combined effect of two or more drugs administered at the same time is greater than the sum of their individual effects

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13
Q

Potentiation

A

The increase in effectiveness that is seen when a drug that has no effectiveness by itself increases the effectiveness of a different drug

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14
Q

Teratogenic

A

Causing birth defects

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15
Q

Official drug name

A

Name used in the official drug reference for a particular drug

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16
Q

Chemical drug name

A

Name describing the exact chemical composition of a drug

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17
Q

Generic drug name

A

Original name (for older drugs) or the “code” name given during the testing phase of the drug (for newer drugs)
May become the official name
NOT indicating a therapeutic equivalency

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18
Q

Trade drug name
Brand name
Proprietary name

A

Copyrighted name for a drug, the use of which is restricted to a single company
Copyrighted name can be renewed (unlike the patent)

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19
Q

Local drug activity

A

Drug action occurring only at the site of application

May be toxic if absorbed systemically

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20
Q

Systemic drug activity

A

Action of a drug that is absorbed and then distributed throughout the body
May be on whole body or on a specific target organ

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21
Q

Drug administration through skin

A

Primarily for local action

May have a systemic effect if the skin is broken

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22
Q

Drug administration through nasal mucosa

A

For local and systemic action

Over-administration may lead to toxic systemic absorption

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23
Q

Drug administration through inhalation

A

Can be local (antibiotics) or systemic (anesthetics)

24
Q

Genitourinary drug administration

A

Primarily for local action

May have a systemic effect if mucosal lining is traumatized

25
Q

Oral drug administration benefits

A

Primarily for systemic action
Convenient form of administration
Safe, often taking 1 - 1.5 hours to see an effect
Cost-effective
Absorption rate can be controlled by timing around food intake

26
Q

Effects of taking oral drugs before meals

A

Quick absorption

The drug is more easily destroyed

27
Q

Effects of taking drugs with meals

A

Food protects the GI tract from drug irritation

28
Q

Effects of taking drugs after meals

A

Slow absorption

29
Q

Oral drug administration contraindications

A

Not effective if patient vomiting or unconscious (requires cooperation)
Drug can be too irritating
Drug may not reach blood stream in high enough concentration (not absorbed, destroyed by enzymes or destroyed by the liver)

30
Q

Sublingual and buccal drug administration

A

Primarily for systemic action
Drugs not processed by liver nor digestive enzymes
Drug will be both swallowed and absorbed by vasculature

31
Q

Rectal drug administration

A

Primarily for systemic action
Drugs not processed by liver nor digestive enzymes
Drugs that are irritating to the stomach will not come into contact with the stomach
Can be used in unconscious or uncooperative patients

32
Q

Intradermal injection

A

Administered just below the skin

Not common

33
Q

Subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection

A

Administered between the skin and muscle layers
Only small amounts can be given
May irritate at the injection site
Likely to come into contact with blood vessels or nerve endings

34
Q

Intramuscular injection

A 
Administered within the muscle layer
Large amounts can be given
Irritation unlikely to cause necrosis
Unlikely to come into contact with blood vessels or nerve endings
Watery substances absorbed quickly
Suspensions absorbed slowly
35
Q

Intravenous injection

A

Rapid administration

High risk of hazard

36
Q

Intraspinal injection

A

Epidural
Subdural
Subarachnoid

37
Q

Intraarticular injection

A

Injection into the joint

For local effect

38
Q

Efficacy

A

Maximum effect produced by a drug

39
Q

Potency

A

Amount of drug necessary to produce a pharmacological effect

40
Q

Drug Enforcement Administration (D.E.A.)

A

Established in 1973

Controls distribution and sale of all drugs (including marketing)

41
Q

Food and Drug Administration (F.D.A.)

A

Supervises and controls research and manufacture of all drugs

42
Q

Therapeutic effect

A

The effect for which a drug is administered

43
Q

Side effect

A

Any effect of a drug other than the one for which the drug was administered

44
Q

Untoward effect

A

A side effect regarded as harmful or very unpleasant to the individual

45
Q

Pharmacology

A

The study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms

46
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

The branch of pharmacology concerned with drugs used to prevent disorders and treat disease

47
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The branch of pharmacology concerned with drug mechanisms of action and observable effects, both biochemical and physiological

48
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs through the body (absorption, distribution, metabolism/biotransformation and excretion)

49
Q

Toxicology

A

The study of harmful effects of drugs

50
Q

Clinical testing

Phase 1

A

Use healthy volunteers

Record any data on purity, bioavailability, potency, efficacy, safety and toxicity

51
Q

Clinical testing

Phase 2

A

Use a few volunteers who need the drug therapeutically

Monitor safety and toxicity, record data on potency, efficacy, side effects and risks

52
Q

Clinical testing

Phase 3

A

Use a large number of volunteers who need the drug therapeutically
See more rare adverse effects
Provides more data on effectiveness and safety

53
Q

Clinical testing

Phase 4

A

Voluntary monitoring of drug through the first few years of use

54
Q

Placebo

A

An inactive substance given to satisfy a patient’s demand for medicine or as part of an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new drug

55
Q

Double blind experiment

A

Experiment in which neither the patient nor the investigator knows who has received the placebo or the test treatment

56
Q

Crossover study

A

Experiment in which the order of drug administration is randomized (some patients get placebo, some get control, then they are switched)

Pharmacology (10 decks)

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