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MISC (Spr 2016) > Pharmacology Quizzes > Flashcards

Pharmacology Quizzes Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertension treatment with the a 2 agonist, clonidine, works by _________.

A

acting at autoreceptors to decrease sympathetic outflow

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2
Q

Direct-acting sympathomimetics ________________________.

A

bind to post- (or pre-) synaptic receptors

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3
Q

___________ is an example of a non-selective sympathomimetic drug.

A

Epinephrine

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4
Q

Vasoconstriction via epinephrine is a useful means to _____________________.

A

reduce bleeding surfaces
prolong actions of local anesthetics
shrink mucosa during surgical procedures

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5
Q

Vasoconstriction effects of a-agonists include:

A

decongestant
lowering IOP
“red eye” reduction

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6
Q

Indirect-acting sympathomimetics act by

A 
facilitating catecholamine (e.g., DA and NE) release
blocking NE reuptake
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7
Q

As an alternate approach to treating ADHD, the actions of guanafacine [Intuniv] include _____________.

A

central inhibitory actions that decrease NE release

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8
Q

Relaxation of bronchial and uterine smooth muscle is achieved through _________.

A

β2 agonists

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9
Q

Methamphetamine actions for treatment of ADD include _____________________.

A

actions on α2a,2b,2c receptors
blocking reuptake of DA and NE
blocking reuptake of 5-HT

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10
Q

Modafinil currently has FDA use approval for _______________________.

A

narcolepsy

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11
Q

Modafinil has low abuse potential

A

True

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12
Q

Modafinil has no side effects

A

False

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13
Q

Allergic reactions to bee stings can be treated with ______________.

A

epinephrine

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14
Q

Atropine competes with _____________ for a binding site on the muscarinic receptor.

A

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

Atropine Sensitivity Curve, ___________ are most sensitive to the effects of muscarinic antagonism, while the _____________ is least sensitive.

A

salivary glands; gastrointestinal tract

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16
Q

Scopolamine is a _________ and a(n) ___________that is used for _____________.

A

belladonna alkaloid - muscarinic antagonist - motion sickness

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17
Q

Muscarinic antagonists treat peptic ulcer by ____________________.

A

reducing gastric motility and gastric acid secretion

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18
Q

Atropine, __________ and ____________ are components of an antidote for nerve gas poisoning

A

pralidoxime – diazepam

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19
Q

Muscarinic antagonists constrict pupils (miosis) and increase lung secretions

A

False

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20
Q

Tolterodine tartrate [Detrol LA] is a ___________ used as treatment for ____________.

A

muscarinic antagonist; overactive bladder

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21
Q

Ipratropium Bromide [Atrovent] and Tiotropium Bromide [Spiriva ] are most effective for ______________.

A

preventing bronchospasm

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22
Q

Which of the following is NOT a likely side effect of a muscarinic antagonist: mydriasis, diarrhea, constipation, xerostomia

A

diarrhea

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23
Q

Which of the following effects would require the lowest dosage of atropine? dry mouth, pupil dilation, increased heart rate, decreased gastric secretions and motility

A

dry mouth

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24
Q

Atropine is an antidote for all types of mushroom poisoning.

A

False

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25
Q

Which of the following is NOT a clinical use of a muscarinic antagonist? motion sickness & vertigo, dilate pupils for ocular exam, dilate airways in COPD patients, glaucoma

A

glaucoma

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26
Q

Carbidopa actions include ________________.

A

inhibiting synthesis of dopamine

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27
Q

The actions of a 1 - antagonists that decrease hypertension include _____________.

relaxing smooth muscle in bladder neck, prostate and urethra OR reducing peripheral resistance in vasculature OR slowing down heart rate OR intracavernous vasodilation

A

reducing peripheral resistance in vasculature

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28
Q

The actions of a 1 - antagonists that treat BPH include _____________.

A

relaxing smooth muscle in bladder neck, prostate and urethra

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29
Q

b-antagonists treat glaucoma by ____________________________.

A

inhibiting aqueous formation via β2-receptor antagonism on nonpigmented ciliary epithelium

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30
Q

The a s -antagonist, yohimbine, increases blood pressure and heart rate by an action on:

A

pre-synaptic autoreceptors

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31
Q

Non-selective b-antagonists have utility in treating _______________

A

cardiac arrhythmias
acute dissecting aortic aneurysm
hyperthyroidism

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32
Q

b 1 -antagonists are most selective for receptors located ________________.

A

on cardiac muscle

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33
Q

In general, the older the man, the larger his _________________.

A

prostate gland

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34
Q

The actions of a b1-receptor antagonist in treating panic symptoms are due to __________________.

A

blocking certain fight-or- flight reactions

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35
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is part of the

A

peripheral nervous system

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36
Q

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter at:

A
  • the preganglionic synapse of the parasympathetic nervous system
  • the postganglionic synapse of the parasympathetic nervous system
  • the preganglionic synapse of the sympathetic nervous system
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37
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic nerves exit the spinal cord at the:

A

cranial & sacral level

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38
Q

Pre-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system:

A
  • synapse on a ganglionic chain
  • are short and myelinated
  • release ACh
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39
Q

After release into the synapse, acetylcholine:

A

interacts with muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

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40
Q

Adrenergic receptors consist of:

A

α and β subtypes

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41
Q

After release into the synapse, norepinephrine:

A
  • is broken down in the synapse to inactive metabolites that can be detected in blood and urine
  • is recycled back into the terminal vesicles for subsequent release
  • is taken back up into the terminal and broken down by MAO
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42
Q

Which of the following statements is true about the “Fight or Flight” response:

  • it is facilitated by diverging preganglionic sympathetic neurons synapsing on multiple postganglionic sympathetic neurons
  • it functions to maintain steady organ functions
  • it is also referred to as the “Feed or Breed” response
A

it is facilitated by diverging preganglionic sympathetic neurons synapsing on multiple postganglionic sympathetic neurons

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43
Q

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are:

A

ligand gated ion channels

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44
Q

Postganglionic release of acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerves activates ______________ on
exocrine glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.

A

muscarinic receptors

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45
Q

Preganglionic __________ neurons can diverge and synapse with many postganglionic ________
neurons, while preganglionic __________ neurons generally form only single synaptic connections with
postganglionic _____________ neurons.

A

sympathetic, sympathetic, parasympathetic, parasympathetic

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46
Q

What is the rate-limiting factor of the production of all catecholamines?

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

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47
Q

cAMP, DAG and IP3 are examples of:

A

secondary messengers

48
Q

Adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C are:

A

second messenger system effectors

49
Q

Which enzyme converts dopamine (DA) to norepinephrine (NE)?

A

dopamine-β hydroxylase

50
Q

Stimulation of any of the b-adrenergic receptors leads to:

A

increased production of cAMP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase

51
Q

Elements for neurotransmitter synthesis, storage release and inactivation are located:

A

in the nerve terminal

52
Q

The signal transduction processes used by the odd-numbered muscarinic cholinergic receptors:

A

are similar to those utilized by the α1-adrenergic receptors

53
Q

Clearing NE from the synaptic cleft involves which of the following processes:

A

neuronal re-uptake, MAO degradation, extraneuronal diffusion, COMT degradation

54
Q

Inhibition of adenylate cyclase and decreased cAMP-dependent protein kinase results from

A

α2-receptor activation

55
Q

The following statement(s) regarding autoreceptors is (are) true:
A. they regulate output of neurotransmitter based on the amount of transmitter detected in the synapse
B. they act to regulate post-synaptic receptor sensitivity
C. blockade of the α2 autoreceptor by an antagonist leads to a reduction in NE outflow
D. A&C

A

A. they regulate output of neurotransmitter based on the amount of transmitter detected in the synapse

56
Q

Which of the following statements is true:
A. Clonidine binding to a presynaptic autoreceptor results in decreased NE release
B. Yohimbine binding to a presynaptic autoreceptor results in decreased NE release
C. Isoproterenol binding to a presynaptic autoreceptor results in decreased NE release
D. Clonidine binding to a presynaptic autoreceptor results in enhanced NE release

A

A. Clonidine binding to a presynaptic autoreceptor results in decreased NE release

57
Q

Nicotinic and/or muscarinic receptors are located in ____.

A

postganglionic parasympathetic nervous system

sweat glands

brain

neuromuscular junction

58
Q

Cholinomimetics relieve symptoms of Sjogrens syndrome by ______.

A

increasing secretions of salivary and tear glands

59
Q

Direct-acting cholinomimetics include _____________.

A

bethanecol and cevimeline

60
Q

The acetylcholinesterase enzyme _____.

A

causes rapid hydrolysis of ACh

61
Q

Edrophonium is a(n) ______.

A

indirect acting cholinomimetic

62
Q

A reversible cholinesterase inhibitor acts by _____.

A

reversibly binding to AChE

63
Q

An irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor _____.

A

phosphorylates/inactivates the substrate-binding domain AChE

64
Q

Standard medications used for Alzheimer’s patients include:

A

Donepezil [Aricept]

65
Q

The purpose of treating Alzheimer’s Disease symptoms with cholinomimetics is to ____.

A

enhance Ach-associated memory processes

66
Q

Varenicline is a _______.

A

Nicotine receptor partial agonist

67
Q

Physostigmine is an _____.

A

indirect-acting reversible AChE substrate inhibitor

68
Q

What is a likely effect of muscarinic agonist drugs?

A

miosis

69
Q

Nicotine patches may be more useful for _____ than for smoking cessation.

A

enhancing attention and memory

70
Q

Acetylcholinesterase is larger than acetylcholine. (true/false)

A

true

71
Q

Cholinomimetics:
physostigmine
neostigmine

A

Indirect acting cholinomimetics with reversible substrate inhibition

72
Q

Cholinomimetics:
endrophonium
ambenonium

A

Indirect acting cholinomimetics with reversible competitive enzyme inhibition

73
Q

Cholinomimetics:
pilocarpine
carbachol

A

direct acting cholinomimetics that are muscarinic agonists

74
Q

Cholinomimetics:
ecothiophate
isoflurophate

A

indirect acting cholinomimetics that are irreversible AChE inhibitiors

75
Q

Cholinomimetics:
parathion
malathion

A

indirect acting cholinomimetics that are irreversible AChE inhibitors

76
Q

Cholinomimetics:
sarin
soman
tabun

A

indirect acting cholinomimetics that are irreversible AChE inhibitors

77
Q

Cholinomimetics:
bethanecol [Urecholine]
cevimeline [Evoxac]

A

direct acting cholinomimetics that are muscarinic agonists

78
Q 
Cholinomimetics:
Tacrine [Cognex]
Donepezil [Aricept] 
Rivastigmine [Exelon]
Galantamine [Razadyne]
A

indirect acting cholinomimetics that are reversible AChE inhibitors

79
Q

Cholinomimetics used to treat glaucoma

A

pilocarpine
carbachol
physostigmine

80
Q

Drugs used to treat Sjogren’s Syndrome symptoms

A

Cholinomimetics:
salagen tablets (pilocarpine HCl)
Urecholine (bethanechol)
Evoxac (cevimeline)

81
Q

Standard medications for Alzheimer’s patients

A 
Cholinomimetics:
Donepezil (Aricept)
Galantamine (Razadyne) 
Rivastigmine (Exelon) 
Tacrine (Cognex)
82
Q

A smoking cessation tool that has potential uses in parkinson’s, adhd, schizo, and cognitive enhancement is ______.

A

nicotine

83
Q

Side effects and toxicity of muscarinic agonists include:

A

Salivation Lacrimation Urination Defecation
Eyes: miosis, blurred vision
Lungs: bronchial secretions & constriction
Skin: sweating
Heart: bradycardia
GI tract: cramping, motility and gastric acid secretion
Brain-mediated: tremor, hypothermia, convulsions
Blood vessels: vasodilation, decreased blood pressure
Cardiac ventricles: decreased force of contraction, cardiac failure

84
Q

Side effects and toxicity of cholinesterase inhibitors include:

A

Similar to muscarinic agonists + other effects associated with cholinergic activity + toxic effects at neuromuscular junction sites
Increased Exposure Levels: *Decreased Blood pressure *Skeletal muscle weakness *Depolarization blockade at NMJ =
diaphragm paralysis/respiratory failure

85
Q

Side effects and toxicity of nicotine poisoning include:

A

Nausea, vomiting, salivation, diarrhea, visual problems
Brain: mental confusion, tremors, convulsions, depression, coma
NMJ: stimulation -> blockade, muscle weakness, diaphragm paralysis, respiratory failure
Cardio: BP changes, weak pulse, variable heart rate

86
Q

Atropine

A

Muscarinic antagonist
Belladonna alkaloid
Antidote for nerve gas, poisonous mushroom

87
Q

Scopolamine [transderm scop]

A

Muscarinic antagonist
Belladonna alkaloid
Used for motion sickness

88
Q

Tropicamide [mydriacyl]

A

muscarinic antagonist

used in eye examinations

89
Q

Homatropine [Isopto Homatropine]

A

muscarinic antagonist

used in eye examinations

90
Q

Ipratropium bromide [Atrovent]

A

muscarinic antagonist

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

91
Q

Oxybutynin [Ditropan]

Dicyclomine hydrochloride [Bentyl]

A

Muscarinic Antagonists

Antispasmodic for Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

92
Q

Tolterodine tartrate [Detrol LA]

A

Muscarinic Antagonist
Anti-spasmodic for overactive bladder
Bladder-specific actions

93
Q

Pirenzepine

A

M1/M4 Selective Antagonist Used for peptic ulcer

94
Q

Telenzepine

A

M1 Selective Antagonist Used for peptic ulcer

95
Q

Biperiden [Akineton]

A

Muscarinic/Nicotinic Antagonist

Blocks motor symptoms in Parkinson’s and side effects of antipsychotic drugs

96
Q

Mecamylamine [Inversine]

A

Nicotinic receptor subtype antagonist

Anti-smoking agent (augmentation with antidepressants)

97
Q

Buproprion

A

NE and DA reuptake inhibitor and nicotinic receptor subtype antagonist
Depression, bipolar disorder, ADHD, weight loss, smoking cessation

98
Q

Reserpine [Serpalan]

A

indirect acting sympatholytic
NE/DA/5-HT Storage/Release
Antihypertensive and antipsychoticinhibitor

99
Q

Carbidopa [Lodosyn]

A

Indirect-acting Sympatholytics
NE/DA synthesis inhibitor
Parkinson’s disease treatment

100
Q

Prazosin [Minipress]
Terazosin [Hytrin]
Phentolamine [Regitine]

A

Direct-acting Sympatholytics
alpha1-selective Antagonists
Hypertension BPH

101
Q

Tamsulosin Hcl [Flomax] Doxazosin [Cardura]

A

Direct-acting Sympatholytics
alpha1-selective Antagonists
BPH

102
Q

Yohimbine [Aphrodyne, Yocon]

A

Direct-acting Sympatholytic
alpha2-selective Antagonist
Male Sexual Dysfunction

103
Q

Mirtazapine [Remeron]

A

alpha2a-selective antagonist
Increases NE and 5-HT through central presynaptic antagonism on NE and 5-HT neurons
Antidepressant for moderate to severe depression

104
Q

Propranolol [Inderal] Nadolol [Corgard] Timolol [Blocadren] Pindolol [Visken]

A

Direct-acting Sympatholytics
Non-selective beta-Antagonists
Hypertension Panic Symptoms

105
Q

Timolol [Timoptic] Levobunolol [Betagan] Carteolol [Ocupress] Metipranolol [Optipranolol]

A

Direct-acting Sympatholytics
Non-selective beta-Antagonists
Glaucoma

106
Q

Acebutolol [Sectral] Atenolol [Tenormin] Metoprolol [Lopressor] Esmolol [Brevibloc]

A

Direct-acting Sympatholytics
beta1-Selective Antagonists
Hypertension, Angina Sinus Tachycardia, Atrial Fib/Flutter

107
Q

Methylphenidate [Ritalin, Concerta]

A

Indirect-acting sympathomimetic

ADHD/ADD

108
Q

Dextroamphetamine [Adderall,
Dexedrine]
Methamphetamine [Desoxyn]

A

Direct & indirect-acting sympathomimetics

ADHD/ADD

109
Q

Epinephrine

A

Direct-acting sympathomimetic Non-selective adrenergic agonist
Allergic reactions Vasoconstriction

110
Q

Isoproterenol [Isuprel]

A

Direct-acting sympathomimetic non-selective beta-agonist

Shock

111
Q

Dobutamine [Dobutrex]

A

Direct-acting sympathomimetic beta-agonist

Shock

112
Q

phenylephrine [Neosynephrine]

A

Direct-acting sympathomimetic

alpha1-selective agonist Nasal decongestant

113
Q

apraclonidine [Iopidine]

A

Direct-acting sympathomimetic
mostly alpha2 selective agonist (weak alpha1)
Lowering IOP

114
Q

Mephentermine [Wyamine Sulfate]

Metaraminol [Aramine] Methoxamine [Vasoxyl]

A

Direct-acting sympathomimetic alpha1-selective agonists

Hypotension treatment

115
Q

Clonidine [Catapres] Guanafacine tablets [Tenex]

A

Direct-acting sympathomimetic alpha2-selective agonist Pre-synaptic actions
Hypertension treatment
Also: diarrhea, drug w/drawal, migraine, Tourette’s Syndrome

116
Q

Metaproterenol [Alupent]
Terbutaline [Brethine]
Albuterol [Ventolin, Proventil]

A

Direct-acting sympathomimetics beta2-selective agonists

Tx bronchospasm

117
Q

Modafinil [Provigil]

A

DA and NE re-uptake blocker, partial α1B agonist
FDA approved for narcolepsy
Non-approved but potential uses: ADHD, memory enhancement, addiction, weight control

MISC (Spr 2016) (5 decks)

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