Pharmacology (pre-review Cards)

Question 1

Nursing process

Answer 1

The foundation for the clinical practice of nursing;provides framework for consistent nursing action, using problem-solving

Question 2

Schedule I (drug)

Answer 2

All prescription drugs including narcotics

Question 3

Schedule II (drugs)

Answer 3

Restricted access non-prescription drugs ie. Insulin

Question 4

Schedule III

Answer 4

Pharmacy- only non-prescription drugs ie. Antihistamines

Question 5

Unscheduled drugs

Answer 5

Any drug not assigned as above ie. Naloxone

Question 6

When a product is offerered for sale in Canada to treat or prevent diseases or symptoms, it is regulated as a drug under the _______

Answer 6

Food and Drugs Act

Question 7

Establishes control of narcitics and substances of abuse

Answer 7

Controlled stubstances Act 1997

Question 8

ADPIE

Answer 8

Hdhs

Question 9

Usually a drug forms chemical bonds with specific sites called ______

Answer 9

Receptors

Question 10

Under what conditions do chemical bonds form, regarding drug reactions

Answer 10

Only if the drug and its receptor have similar shapes and chemical affinity for the receptor

Question 11

The relationship between a drug and a receptor is similar to _____

Answer 11

A key and a lock

Question 12

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 12

Study of interactions between drugs and their receptors and the series of events that result in a pharmacological response

Question 13

Agonists

Answer 13

(drug) that interacts with a receptor to STIMULATE a response
Ie. Opioids

Question 14

Antagonists

Answer 14

(Drugs) that attach to a receptor but DO NOT STIMULATE a response
Ie. Naloxone

Question 15

5 stages a drug goes through

Answer 15

Liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

Question 16

After liberation from a dosage form, each drug has its own unique _______

Answer 16

ADME characteristics

Question 17

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 17

Study of the mathematical relationship among the absorption, distribution, metabolism, snd excretion of individual medicines over time

Question 18

Partial agonists

Answer 18

(Drugs) that attach and elicit a small response, but also block other responses

Question 19

Pharmacology

Answer 19

The study of drugs and their actions on living organisms

Question 20

Therapeutic methods

Answer 20

Various approaches to therapy (regarding diseases that cause illness and may be treated in several different ways)
Ie. Drug therapy, diet therapy

Question 21

Synergistic effect

Answer 21

The combined effect of two drugs is GREATER than the sum of the effect of each drug given alone

Ex. Aspirin + codeine = much greater analgesic effect

Question 22

OTC drugs

Answer 22

Over the counter drugs
-perscription or non prescription
Ex. Advil, Tylenol

Question 23

Chemical name (of a drug)

Answer 23

Most meaningful to the chemist

Question 24

Generic name (of a drug)

Answer 24

Or common name;

simpler than chemical name

May be used in any country and by any manufacturer (ie. First letter is NOT capitalized)

Example. Tylenol (trademark/brand name) ——-> acetaminophen (generic name)

Question 25

A trademark, brand name or proprietary name is followed by the symbol _______.

Answer 25

®

Question 26

What does the symbol ® indicate?

Answer 26

That the name is registered and its use is restricted to the owner of the drug, who is usually the manufacturer.

Question 27

Additive effect

Answer 27

2 drugs with similar actions, taken for a doubled effect.

Example. Propoxyphene + aspirin(keeps blood thin) = added analgesic effect

Question 28

Antagonistic effect

Answer 28

One drug interferes with the action of another

Example. Tetracycline + antacid(tums) =decreased absorption of the Tetracycline

Question 29

4 therapeutic methods

Answer 29

1) diet therapy (treatment by diet)
2) drug therapy (treatment with drugs)
3) physiotherapy (with natural forces)
4) psychologic therapy(identify stressors and methods to reduce or eliminate stress or use of drugs)

Question 30

A treatment is called a “________”.

Answer 30

Therapy

Question 31

State the 4 stages all drugs go through

Answer 31

1) Absorption
2) Distribution
3) Metabolism
4) Excretion

**ADME

Question 32

Absorption depends on _____

Answer 32

Route of administration

Question 33

Distribution depends on ______

Answer 33

Circulation to be transported throughout body

Question 34

Metabolism depends on _____

Answer 34

Enzyme systems

Question 35

Excretion depends on ______

Answer 35

GI tract and kidneys

Question 36

3 routes of drug administration

Answer 36

Enteric,
Parenteral,
Percutaneuous routes

Question 37

Enteric route (of drug admin.)

Answer 37

Into GI tract by oral, rectal or nasogastric routes

Question 38

Parenteral route (of drug admin.)

Answer 38

Or intradermal route

Bypasses GI tract, using subcutaneous(into fat ie. Insulin) intramuscular or intravenous injection

Question 39

Percutaneuous route

Answer 39

Inhalation, sublingual (under tongue), buccal (inside the cheek) and topical (on the skin) administration

Ie. Creams and patches, eye drops and nasal spray

Question 40

The organ most involved in metabolism

Answer 40

Liver

Question 41

Metabolism

Answer 41

The process of deactivation of the drug occurs

—->renders the drug inactive

Question 42

Factors that influence metabolism

Answer 42

• **elder ppl are more at risk
• ->physical factors i.e. age, weight, liver and kidney function
• ->environmental factors
• ->use of other drugs
• ->general health or illness of the person

Question 43

Excretion

Answer 43

Usually through the urine or feces

–>GI tract and kidneys

Question 44

Factors that can influence excretion

Answer 44

Kidney function
GI function
General health or illness

Question 45

Compatible (in regards to drugs)

Answer 45

2 drugs that can be put in the same syringe

Question 46

___________ is a possible side effect of a drug

Answer 46

Postural hypotension

Question 47

Teratogens

Answer 47

Drugs that induce cancer in living cells

Question 48

Tolerance

Answer 48

When a person begins to require a higher dosage to produce the same effects that a lower dose once provided

Question 49

Infants and ____ are more sensitive to effects of drugs.

Answer 49

Elderly

Question 50

Synergistic effect

Answer 50

The combined effect, greater than the sum of the effects of each drug given alone

Question 51

____ and geriatric patients each require special considerations, when we’re giving drugs

Answer 51

Pediatric

Question 52

4 most common method of medication delivery for elderly clients

Answer 52

1) tablets and capsules may be too large, need a liquid or crushed form
2) objectionable tastes occur with liquids
3) lack of sufficient teeth for chewable meds
4) geriatric patients lack sufficient saliva to ease swallowing

Question 53

Gastric emptying time is _____ and _____ in newborns and aged/elderly.

Answer 53

Slow; Reduced/decreased

Question 54

Basic units for

Length –>_____
Volume or liquid–>______
Weight(wt) –>_____

Answer 54

Meter
Liter
Grams

Question 55

With age, decreased renal blood flow is caused by and causes?

Answer 55

Atherosclerosis

Reduced cardiac output, loss of glomeruli, decreasing tubular function and concentrating ability function

Question 56

_____ do not have full renal function (kidneys) until 12 months of age.

Answer 56

Infants

Question 57

What are the properties of the drug(being administered) you need to be aware of?

Answer 57

• ->Expected actions
• ->Usual dosing
• ->Route and administration
• ->Side effects to expect
• ->Adverse effects to report
• ->Contraindications for use of a drug (Review all aspects of the order or any contradictions)

Question 58

5 types of medication orders

Answer 58

1) STAT–>emergency;give immediately, only once
2) SINGLE-DOSE ORDER–>administration at a certain time but only once
3) STANDING ORDER–>given for specified number of doses, or drug is to be administered until discontinued at a later, specified date; must be written when time period expires before the nurse can continue to dispense med
4) PRN ORDER–>”as needed”
5) VERBAL ORDER–>order given verbally, in person, over the phone, or fax (**not as common)

Question 59

MARs

Answer 59

Medical Administration Records