Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics

Question 1

what the body does to the drug is known as?

Answer 1

Pharmacokinetics

Question 2

Explanation of the relationship between the dose you administer and the drugs plasma concentration over time is known as?

Answer 2

pharmacokinetics

Question 3

Pharmacokinetics relationship is affected by what four variables?

Answer 3

absorption
distribution
metabolism
elimination

Question 4

Does plasma concentration always correlate to clinical effect?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

Biophase is also known as?

Answer 5

effect site

Question 6

What determines the clinical effect of a drug?

Answer 6

The drug concentration in biophase (not plasma)

Question 7

What the drug does to the body represents what?

Answer 7

Pharmacodynamics

Question 8

Pharmacodynamics describes the relationship between what two things?

Answer 8

effect site concentration and the clinical effect

Question 9

Units PK and PD by examining the relationship between plasma concentration and effect site concentration, is known as?

Answer 9

Pharmacobiophasics

Question 10

What does the dose response curve illustrate?

Answer 10

relationship between the drug dose and its clinical effects.

It tells us about potency, efficacy, and slope

Question 11

Where is potency represented on the dose response curve?

Answer 11

x-axis

Question 12

dose required to achieve a given clinical effect is known as?

Answer 12

Potency

Question 13

What affects potency?

Answer 13

absorption 
distribution
metabolism
elimination 
receptor affinity

Question 14

What are measures of potency? (2)

Answer 14

ED50

ED90

Question 15

What causes a left shift on the dose response curve?

Answer 15

increased affinity for the receptor
HIGHER POTENCY
lower dose required

increased affinity for the receptor leading to a higher potency and ultimately a lower dose required

Question 16

What cause a right shift on the dose response curve?

Answer 16

decreased affinity for the receptor
lower potency
higher dose required

decreased affinity for the receptor leads to a lower potency and a higher dose is then required

Question 17

explain efficacy, what does it measure?

Answer 17

efficacy is a measure of the intrinsic ability of a drug to elicit a given clinical effect

Question 18

Where is efficacy represented on the dose response curve?

Answer 18

The y axis represents efficacy, it is the height of the plateau

Question 19

Once the plateau phase is reached (max efficacy) for a given drug, what will giving more drug do?

Answer 19

More drug administration once plateau phase is reached (efficacy) will increase the risk of toxicity.
It will NOT produce additional effect.

Question 20

What does the slope of a drug on the dose response curve tell you?

Answer 20

The slope tells us how many of the receptors must be occupied to elicit a clinical effect

Question 21

What does a steep slope on the dose response curve tell you?

Answer 21

A steep slope implies that most of the receptors must be occupied before we observe the clinical response.

Question 22

Name two types of drugs that have steep slopes?

Answer 22

NMB and inhaled anesthetics

Question 23

How would you learn about individual variability of each patient?

Answer 23

compare the dose response curves from multiple patients

Question 24

A drug that binds to a receptor follows the law of what?

Answer 24

Mass action

Question 25

Different drugs may produce the same clinical effect but each drug requires a diff. dose to do so, this is a difference in what?

Answer 25

potency

Question 26

Continuous administration of an agonist may cause what to occur at the target receptor?

Answer 26

down-regulation

Question 27

What type of agonist is norepinephrine and at what receptor?

Answer 27

full agonist at the beta receptor

Question 28

dopamine, propofol, and alfentanil are all examples of what type of agonist?

Answer 28

Full agonist

Question 29

Instructs the receptor to produce its maximal response, mimics an endogenous ligand, binds to a receptor and turns on a specific cellular response, what am I?

Answer 29

Full agonist

Question 30

binds to a receptor but is only capable of partially turning on a cellular response?

Answer 30

partial agonist

Question 31

less efficacious than a full agonist and also sometimes called an agonist - antagonist?

Answer 31

partial agonist

Question 32

What happens if you give a partial agonist opioid to an opioid addict, and why?

Answer 32

giving a partial agonist opioid to an opioid addict can precipitate withdrawal bc the partial agonist can block the effects of the agonist by competing for binding sites.

Question 33

Nalbuphine is an example of a?

Answer 33

partial agonist | there is a ceiling to its efficacy

Question 34

How does an antagonist work?

Answer 34

sits in the receptor and prevents the agonist from binding to it, it does not tell the cell to do anything

Question 35

What type of drug occupies a receptor but does not have efficacy?

Answer 35

antagonist

Question 36

cont. administration of what may cause up regulation of the target receptor?

Answer 36

antagonist

Question 37

Which type of antagonism is reversible and which type is not reversible?

Answer 37

competitive antagonism is reversible noncompetitive antagonism is NOT reversible

Question 38

If a patient receives a competitive antagonist, the dose response curve for the agonist shifts which way?

Answer 38

shifts to the right

Question 39

can an agonist overcome a competitive antagonism? | If so, how and what happens to the dose response curve?

Answer 39

Increasing the concentration of the agonist can overcome competitive antagonism. The agonist can achieve the same efficacy, BUT since more drug is required to achieve the desired clinical effect, the dose response curve would reflect a reduction in potency.

Question 40

What does Rocuronium compete with at the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 40

Ach

Question 41

Examples of competitive antagonist? (3)

Answer 41

Rocuronium atropine vecuronium

Question 42

Explain to me what a noncompetitive antagonist does?

Answer 42

permanently binds to a receptor (covalent bond usually) and the effect can not be overcome by increasing the concentration of an agonist.

Question 43

If you give a noncompetitive antagonist what does the dose response curve do?

Answer 43

The dose response curve for the agonist is shifted down, so that it resembles a partial agonist

Question 44

What is the only thing that can reverse the effects of a noncompetitive antagonist?

Answer 44

producing new receptors | long duration of action for these drugs

Question 45

Example of a noncompetitive antagonist?

Answer 45

ASA | inhibits COX-1 enzyme for the entire life of the platelet