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Patient Management 2 > Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Administration for the Radiographer > Flashcards

Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Administration for the Radiographer Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

the study of drugs actions and interactions

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2
Q

Drugs

A

Chemical agent that produces a physiologic or biological effect in an organism

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3
Q

Drugs Therapeutic vs. adverse effect

A

When used correctly, they are meant to relieve
symptoms, and manage or eliminate diseases.
- Therapeutic (desirable)
All drugs, if misused, can be poisons.
- Adverse effect (undesirable)

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4
Q

Is the radiographer licensed to administer drugs?

A

allowed to administer under medical directive
must document

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5
Q

Is the radiographer licensed to prescribe drugs?

A

No

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6
Q

Medical Directive

A

Only a physician can prescribe a drug
However, they can delegate the task of administering the drug to the MRT: Medical Directive

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7
Q

What does standing mean?

A

written directions for specific medication or exam; part of policies and procedures

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8
Q

What does stat mean?

A

drugs to be administered immediately

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9
Q

what is PRN (pro re nata)?

A

Drug administered as necessary

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10
Q

what does verbal mean?

A

given to a person authorized to receive the order
should be documented and signed by that person (MRT)

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11
Q

Over the Counter Drugs

A

safe for self administration
some prescription drugs may also be sold OTC because they are sold with lesser potency

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12
Q

What are alternative therapies?

A

Include natural plant extracts, dietary supplements, vitamins, herbs, minerals that may be unconventional
All alternative medicines, regardless of the type or us, must be included in a drug history of a patient

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13
Q

If a drug error is made by the radiographer, who must they do?

A

The incident must be completely documented - the radiographer must complete an institutional incident report according to the policy of the employer

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14
Q

what is a proprietary/trade name?

A

assigned to a drug by the manufacturer (brand name)

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15
Q

Chemical name

A

Presents the exact chemical formula of the drugs and always remains the same
Complex and rarely used by the MRT

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16
Q

Generic name

A

given to a drug before its official approval for use
must be learned by all persons administering the drug
the radiographer must be able to identify certain drugs by their trade name and their generic name

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17
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

the study of how a drug is absorbed into the body, circulates within the body (metabolized) and leaves the body (excreted)

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18
Q

bioavailability

A

A drug must be absorbed and taken through the bloodstream to its intended site in order to act
The amount of drug that actually reaches the systemic circulation becomes bioavailable
Route of drug administration plays an important part in its bioavailability

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19
Q

first pass effect

A

refers to partial metabolism of drug before it reaches the systemic circulation
drugs administered by sublingual, vaginal or parenteral out avoid the first-pass effect by going directly into systemic circulation
generally, much larger doses are required for drugs administered orally than those given by parenteral routes because they are susceptible to the first pass effect

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20
Q

factors that affect pharmacokinetics

A

many factors affect the pharmacokinetics of a drug and therefore, affect the intended drug response

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21
Q

absorption rate

A

Determined by how the drug is administered, the physicochemical properties of the drug and formulation.
- All drugs must be in liquid form to be absorbed.
- Drugs that are administered in solid form must go through a phase called the pharmaceutic phase before they can be absorbed.
- This means the solid form of the drugs must be broken down into tiny particles to be dissolved in fluids within the GI tract (small intestine).
- Drugs that are administered orally or parenterally in liquid form do not go through this
phase.

22
Q

Radigraphers Response to an anaphylactic reaction

A
  1. Stop contrast administration and CT scanner
  2. Find and administer Epi-Pen
  3. Call for help
  4. Do not leave patient unattended
  5. Once help arrives, grab crash cart and equipment
    needed to monitor vitals
23
Q

categories of pharmaceuticals

A

adrenergic
anesthetic
antianxiety
anticoagulant
antidepressent
antidiabetic
anti peristaltic
antihistimine
anticholinergic
betablockers
bronchodilator
cathartic
contrast agent
diuretic
fluid and electrolytes
glucocorticoid/NSAID
hypoglycaemic
narcotics
sedative
tranquilizer
vasodilator

24
Q

adrenergic drugs use

A

stimulates sympathetic nervous system (Fight or flight)
- constrict blood vessels and stimulates heart
bronchodilator
-used in anaphylaxis, respiratory and cardiac emergencies

25
Q

adrenergic drug examples

A
  • adrenalin (chloride) - epinephrine - used for cardiac arrest, acute asthma and respiratory arrest - adverse effects of anxiety, insomnia and restlessness
  • intrepid - dopamine - used for shock due to trauma and myocardial infarction - adverse effects of hypotension, dyspnea and angina
26
Q

analgesics

A

drugs that relieve pain
divided into opioids and non-opioids
opioids such as morphine and oxycodone are used across ER departments to treat moderate to severe pain

27
Q

analgesics (non-opioid) examples

A

Motrin/Advil - ibuprofen (NSAID) - used to treat moderate pain usually related to muscle or neurologic origin - adverse effects of gastric distress, renal failure and prolonged bleed time
Aspirin - Acetylsalicylic acid (NSAID) - used to treat mild pain/fever, arthritic and inflammatory conditions, prevent thrombosis - adverse effects of tinnitus, nausea and GI bleeding
Tylenol - acetaminophen - used to relieve moderate pain with anti inflammatory effects - adverse effects of liver toxicity, hemolytic anemia and skin rash
Aleve - Naproxen (NSAID) - relieves pain, menstrual cramps, fever, rheumatoid arthritis - adverse effects of dizziness, headache, bruising and heart burn

28
Q

opioids - works by depressing CNS - examples

A

morphine - morphine sulfate, codeine - codeine sulfate, Percocet - acetaminophen + oxycodone, Demerol - meperidine, Sublimaze - Fentanyl (citrate)
all used to control severe pain; may create dependence, highly controlled due to potential for abuse and misuse; kept locked up
adverse effects or respiratory depression, shock and death

29
Q

opined antagonists

A

used to counteract the effects of opioids
Narcan - naloxone- used to prevent or counteract respiratory distress

30
Q

anesthetics

A
  • Reversibly depress neuronal function, producing loss of ability to perceive
    pain.
  • Two types – General and Local.
  • General anesthetics can be administered through inhalation (gas) or
    intravenously (liquid).
  • General anesthetics are central nervous system depressants, resulting in
    muscle relaxation and loss of consciousness and therefore, used in major
    surgical procedures.
  • Local anesthetics block nerve conduction from an area of the body to the
    CNS.
  • Overuse of topical anesthetics can lead to excessive absorption of the
    drug, and may cause irregular heartbeat (arrythmia), seizures, breathing
31
Q

Xylocaine

A

local anesthetic
also known as lidocane
used to inhibit the initiation and conduction of neural impulses thereby, effecting local anesthetic action
adverse effects of flossing, itching and warming at site of application/injection; bruising, bleeding, pain, burning or swelling at application site (less common)

32
Q

anti arrhythmic drugs

A

used to correct arrhythmias of the heart due to electrical abnormalities
-Xylocaine - lidocaine - used to treat serious ventricular arrhythmias - adverse effects of cardiac arrest, respiratory depression and convulsions
cordarone - Amiodarona hydrochloride - used to treat ventricular fibrillation - adverse effects of pulmonary toxicity, ataxia (lack of muscle control and coordination), hypothyroidism

33
Q

general anesthetic

A

pentothal - thiopental sodium - used to slow CNS activity, causes sense of relaxation - adverse effects of bronchospasm, drowsiness and slow heartbeat
deprival - propofol - used to slow CNS activity, causes sense of relaxation, sedation. Stops seizures and used during reduction of dislocations. adverse effects of Mild itching, fast or slow
heartbeat, slight burning of
stinging around the IV
injection site, light
headedness, shallow
breathing.

34
Q

anti-anxiety

A

Xanax - Alprazolam, Ativan - Lorazepam, Valium - Diazepam, Versed - Midazolam
- Used to Reduce anxiety. At
higher doses can produce hypnosis, relax muscles, reduce seizure activity and
help with alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
Adverse effects of Bradycardia, drowsiness, physical dependence with
prolonged use.

35
Q

antidepressant

A

prozac - fluoxetine

36
Q

anticoagulant

A

Heparin- Heparin sodium- Inhibits formation of
fibrin clots, used to
maintain potency of
venous catheters. Adverse Effects of Hemorrhage,
Thrombocytopenia
(deficiency of platelets)
Coumadin - Warfarin Prevention of emboli
(travelling thrombus). Adverse Effects of Hemorrhage, hematuria (blood in urine)

37
Q

Anti diabetic

A
  • Type 1 treated with insulin.
  • Type 2 may be treated with insulin if it is the result of insulin deficiency.
  • In imaging departments patients are most often screened for the use of
    metformin (Glucophage) due to its potential negative effect on renal function, which may be enhanced when intravenous contrast medium is also administered.
  • Hypoglycemic reactions are the most common side effects.
  • Can result in headache, dizziness, blurred vision, difficulty concentrating,
    confusion, weakness or fainting, loss of consciousness or coma.
38
Q

Antihistamine

A

Benadryl - Diphenhydramine - Treat anaphylaxis,
allergic reaction
symptoms such as acute
urticaria and edema. - Also used for motion
sickness, nausea. Adverse effects of Drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, nausea.

39
Q

Antihypertensive - ACE

A

ACE inhibitors block vasoconstrictor causing increased blood pressure
Capoten - captopril
Vasotec - enalapril

40
Q

Antihypertensive - beta blockers

A

blocks effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Suppresses the sympathetic nervous system, causing heart to beat slower and with less force, reducing BP
- inderal - propanol
- lopressor - metroprolol

41
Q

anti-inflammatory

A

cortisol (glucocoticoid - steroid) - hydrocortisone
medial - methylprednisone

42
Q

anti peristaltic

A
  • Anticholinergic properties: blocks the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and used for the treatment of
    GI cramps/muscular spasms.
  • Smooth muscle relaxant
  • Ideal for exams that require the bowel to be paralyzed temporarily.
  • Used in CT/MR Enterogaphy, CT colonography, MRI pelvic exams.
  • May cause reversible blurred vision and dry mouth.
  • Contraindicated in patients with history of bowel obstruction, arrhythmia and urinary retention from prostate
    hypertrophy.
  • IV or IM administration
    Buscopan - Hyoscine Butylbromide, Scopolamine Butylbromide
43
Q

Antispasmodic

A

relaxes smooth muscle
increases blood glucose levels (contraindicated in diabetics)
GlucaGen - Glucagon

44
Q

Bronchodilators

A
  • Used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary
    disease (COPD).
  • Relaxes smooth muscles and dilates the respiratory passages.
  • (Trade Name: Ventolin, Generic: Albuterol/Salbutamol) is commonly used in acute cases that require a fast-acting bronchodilator.
  • Generally administered by inhalation.
  • Side effects include tremors, nervousness and tachycardia (increased
    heart rate).
45
Q

Diuretics

A

Reduces blood volume (through water excretion by the kidneys).
- Part of treatment for: Hypertension, Pulmonary edema, Congestive heart failure
- Used in CT Urograms
- Patients should be monitored for excessive fluid loss and electrolyte imbalance.
Lasix - furosemide
HydroDIURIL - hydrochlorothiazide (first line Rx for hypertension)

46
Q

Fluid replacement

A

IV fluids used to maintain homeostasis
Can be used for:
- Maintenance: Someone who cannot eat or drink
- Replacement: Severe dehydration

47
Q

What is Lactated Ringer’s Solution?

A

NaCl + calcium chloride + potassium chloride + sodium lactate. Used to
restore fluid volume and electrolytes in cases of severe blood lose

48
Q

replacement fluids

A
  • 0.9% NaCl (normal saline) – isotonic (same concentration of solutes as blood)
  • 5% Dextrose in water – isotonic
  • Lactated Ringer’s Solution (0.45% NaCl) – Used to increase blood volume/pressure, infused intravenously
  • 10% Dextrose in water – Used for parenteral nutrition, infused intravenously
49
Q

Electrolyte replacement

A
  • May be prescribed by IV, IM, or oral routes
  • Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+
50
Q

Vasodilators

A

Relaxes the walls of blood vessels, permitting greater blood flow
Used to treat congestive heart failure, angina and hypertension
Nitroglycerin - nitroglycerin

Patient Management 2 (2 decks)

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