Pharmacology of Mental Disorders Part 2 Flashcards
Brain cells are made up of _____ and ______.
Neurons and Glial cells
______ are the principle info carriers
neurons
______ are the supporting cells
Glial cells
The _____ or cell body is the primary portion of the neuron
soma; in the soma is a nucleus with chromosomal material
From the _____ project _____ that have “branches or spikes” that protrude
neurons, dendrites
______ receive neurotransmitter messages from other nerve cells
Dendrites (receivers)
_____ are generally longer than dendrites & send messages among neurons. Some projections can extend a meter or 30 inches. Transmit great distances.
Axons (the conducting fiber)
Some axons are encased in a group of fat cells called the ________
myelin sheath. serves to insulate the nerve.
The axon ends with a projection called the ______, ______, _____, etc.
synaptic foot, terminal button, bouton
____ of cells in brain are _____ cells
85%, glial
_____ act as guideposts for migrating neurons
glial cells (supporters, dispose of waste, provide cell nourishment)
Glial cells act as _____ between neurons and prevent neuronal impulses from spreading in unwanted directions. They remove the foreign material and cell debris by _________. Repair the damaged areas of nervous tissue by _______ (gliosis) they form glial scar tissue, and fill the gaps left by degenerated neurons.
Insulators, phagocytosis, proliferation
_______ and ______ are types of glial cells
Astrocyte and Oligodendrocyte
_______ are star-shaped cells that provide physical and nutritional support for neurons:
1) Clean up brain “debris”
2) Transport nutrients to neurons
3) hold neurons in place
4) digest part of dead neurons
5) regulate content of extracellular space
Astrocyte (Astroglia)
__________ myelinate tracts
Oligodendrocytes, Oligodendroglia provide insulation to neurons in the CNS
_________ are concerned with exchanges of materials between brain and cerebrospinal fluid
Ependymal cells
______ like astrocytes, digest parts of dead neurons
Microglia
___________ physical support to neurons in the peripheral nervous system
satellite cells
_______ provide the insulation (myelin) to neurons in the peripheral nervous system
Schwann cells
The cell wall of a neuron is ________
Semipermeable
The membrane is acted upon by _______ and _________
Electrical gradient and concentration gradient
__________ tendency for ions to move from areas of high charge to areas of lower charge
electrical gradient
____________ tendency for ions to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
concentration gradient
In the sodium potassium pump, as impulse travels sodium levels ______ and potassium levels ______
Increase, decrease
Facts about the sodium potassium pump
- Membrane mechanism that actively transports ions across the membrane
- Pumps 3 Na (Sodium) ions out of the cell and 2 K (potassium) ions into the cell on each cycle
- K ions tend to leak back out due to the concentration gradient further increasing the negativity of the inside of the cell
When the voltage on the inside of the cell reaches ____ or threshold voltage the channel opens and _____ ions enter the cell
55v, sodium
A chain reaction begins causing the _____ ions to spread down the axon
sodium
Change on the voltage of the inside of the cell occurs when the _____ enter the voltage activated channels. This is the ______ or nerve impulse.
Sodium, action potential
Action potential facts
- Obeys the all or nothing law
- When the action starts, you always get a full size action potential
- The charge is as great at the end as the beginning
- Causes vesicles to dump neurotransmitter substances in cleft (end or foot of one neuron & dendrite of next neuron)
Drug Receptor Interactions
- Drug molecules must attach to specific receptors
- Affinity for a particular drug molecule is the degree of specificity of the drug to that receptor
____________ are chemical substances that tranmit messages from neuron to neuron.
Neurotransmitter substances
What two factors are essential for the release of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal
1) depolarization of the terminal and
2) the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the extracellular fluid
Neurotrasmitter substances:
- Diffuse across the gap or synapse — speeds or slows the firing of the neuron depending on whether it is excitatory or inhibitory in nature
- Constructed from precursor chemicals abundant in body
- Stored in synapse
