Pharmacology of Mental Disorders: Part 1 Flashcards
The study of the brain & effects of pharmacological substances on mental disorders
Large band of nerve fibers through which information flows back and forth between the left and the right hemispheres of the brain
Corpus collosum
The relay station for most information going into the brain
Thalamus
Regulates sex hormones, blood pressure and body temperature
Hypothalamus
The master gland of the body produces its own hormones and also influences the hormonal production of the other glands in the body
Pituitary gland
Regulates the heartbeat and other visceral functions and processes the emotion fear (emotionally charged memories)
Amygdala
Helps establish long term memory in regions of cerebral cortex
Hippocampus
Control of breathing, circulation, heartbeat, and digestion (located at the top of the spinal cord)
Pons and medulla oblongata
Essential for coordination of movement
Cerebellum
A control system for movement and cognitive functions
Basal ganglia
The nervous system is divided into what two major parts
The Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System
What parts of the brain/body make up the central nervous system (CNS)
- Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem)
- Spinal Cord
The ______ system is made up of thick bundles of axons, called nerves, carrying messages back and forth between the CNS and the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body (everything outside the CNS).
Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system has two major subdivisions:
the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
The _____ system is associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. It is involved in the relay of sensory and motor info to and from the CNS. Therefore, it consists of motor neurons and sensory neurons.
somatic
_____ neurons, carrying information from the CNS to the muscles (for muscle control), are efferent fibers (efferent means moving away from)
motor
______ neurons, carrying sensitive information to the CNS, are afferent fibers (afferent means moving toward) Ex: A touch or painful stimulus creates a sensation in the brain only after information about the stimulus travels there via afferent nerves.
sensory
The __________ nervous system controls our internal organs and glands and is generally considered to be outside the realm of voluntary control.
Autonomic
The autonomic nervous system can be further divided into the ________ and ________ divisions
sympathetic and parasympathetic
The _______ nervous system is involved in preparing the body for stress-related activities
sympathetic
the ___________ nervous system is associated with returning the body to routine, day-to-day operations
parasympathetic
The two systems have complementary functions, operating in tandem to maintain the body’s homeostasis
Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels
The ________ system refers to parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. It includes the crainial nerves, spinal nerves and their roots and branches, peripheral nerves and neuromuscular junctions
peripheral
What system and what type do the following nerves belong to?
- Olfactory
- Optic
- Oculomotor
- Trochlear
- Trigeminal
- Abducen
- Vestibulocochlear
- Glossopharyngeal
- Vagus
- Spinal Accessory
- Hypoglossal
Peripheral nervous system, all are cranial nerves
The following 31 nerves belong to what system and what type are they?
- 8 cervical nerves
- 12 thoracic nerves
- 5 lumbar nerves
- 5 sacral nerves
- One coccygeal nerve
Peripheral, spinal nerves
this is the sensory root of a spinal nerve, which carries sensory information to the spinal cord. Contains afferent (sensory) fibers. They have ascending neural pathways — Spinal ganglion or dorsal root ganglion. Enter cord at dorsolateral sulcus.
Dorsal root
The ____ root is a motor nerve, has efferent fibers, descending neural pathways, and efferent axons that leave through ventrolateral sulcus
Ventral root
What system pertains to voluntary control, extremities, structures of body wall (skin, bones, joints, skeletal muscle)
Somatic nervous system
The _____ is made up of the telencephalon (also known as the cerebrum) and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
Forebrain
The ______ is involved in behavior, motor functions, higher mental functions, sensory functions
cerebrum
The ________ is made up of the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, corpus striatum, and olfactory bulb. It is the anterior portion of the brain, rostral to the midbrain.
Telencephalon (cerebrum)
The ______ posterior part of the forebrain and is made up of the hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland
Diencephalon
What part of the brain consists of two “horns” that curve back from the amygdala?
Hippocampus
What part of the brain is associated with the creature with the upper body of a horse and the lower body of a dolphin or fish.
Hippocampus. Greek mythology - Poseidon’s chariot was drawn by a team of hippocampi. Other gods of the sea are often shown sitting or riding on such animals.
What did Steven Heckers say about the hippocampus in the American Journal of Psychiatry?
That there was “compelling evidence” that a portion of the hippocampus was activated and “is impaired in early psychosis,” with this activity being related to “hyperactivity of the region in question, which is the anterior hippocampus.”
More from Dr. Steven Heckers
- The hippocampus allows formation of and recall of memory, as well as orientation to and navigation in space.
- “Normal hippocampal function depends upon a balance of excitation and inhibition of the nerve cells that comprise the structure.”
- The author “an imbalance of these forces has a causal role in the development of schizophrenia – typically beginning with a “first episode” of psychosis, in the late teen or early adult years.”
The _____ is the integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation
Amygdala
What part of the brain appears to be very important in converting things that are “in your mind” at the moment (in short-term memory) into things that you will remember for the long run (long-term memory)?
Hippocampus
The _______ are two almond shaped masses of neurons on either side of the thalamus at the lower end of the hippocampus
Amygdalas
The _______ is the part of the cerebrum that lies closest to the limbic system, just above the corpus collosum.
Cingulate gyrus. It provides a pathway from the thalamus to the hippocampus, seems to be responsible for focusing attention on emotionally significant events, and for associating memories to smells and pain
The ______ which lies in front of the thalamus, has areas that seem to be centers for orgasm
Septum
If this part of the brain is damaged, a person cannot build new memories, and lives instead in a strange world where everything they experience just fades away, even while older memories from the time before damage are untouched
Hippocampus
When the _____ is stimulated electrically, animals respond with aggression
Amygdala
If the _____ is removed, animals get very tame and no longer respond to things that would have caused rage before. Animals also become indifferent to stimuli that would have otherwise have caused fear or even sexual responses.
Amygdala
The ___________ area of the brain stem (just below the thalamus) consists of dopamine pathways that seem to be responsible for pleasure. People with damage here tend to have difficulty getting pleasure in life, and often turn to alcohol, drugs, sweets, and gambling.
Ventral tegmental area
The ________ (including the ______, _______, ______ and ______) lie over and to the sides of the limbic system and are tightly connected with the cortex above them. They are responsible for repetitive behaviors, reward experiences, and focusing attention.
Basal ganglia, the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the globus pallidus, and the substantia nigra
The ______ contains superior colliculi and inferior colliculi
midbrain
_________ receives and integrates visual information
Superior colliculi
____________ receives and integrates auditory info
Inferior colliculi
The _____ or _____ is made of the cerebellum, medulla, and pons
Hindbrain or Brainstem
Name some of the brainstem functions
- cardiac functions
- respiratory functions
- control of the diameter of small arteries, thus the blood pressure
- reflexes controlling heart rate
- vomiting, coughing, sneezing, & swallowing reflexes
- reflexes for eye pupil & some eye movements
The _____ consists of two main hemispheres, is the largest part of the brain, and represents 7/8ths of total weight of CNS
Cerebrum
The cerebrum has two layers: ______ and _____
cortex layer and interior layer
The ____ consists of a thin layer of gray matter
the cortex layer
The _____ layer consists of white matter, tracts, and nuclei (gray matter where synapses occur)
Interior layer
The cerebrum has two hemispheres
The left hemisphere - receives afferent input on the right side of the body
and
the right hemisphere - receives afferent input and initiates efferent input on the left side of the body
The cerebrum consists of:
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Basal ganglia
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
The _______ is responsible for higher intellectual functions such as abstract thinking, judgment, reasoning, impulse control, planning, memory, and higher order reasoning
Frontal lobe
The _______ contains the post central gyrus which is the receptive area for highest integration and coordination of interpretation. Processes, sensations, pain sensations, temperature, form, shape, texture, pressure & position, & some memory functions
Parietal lobe
The ________ is under the frontal and parietal lobes and receives auditory stimuli, aids in memory, dreams, emotions, visual perceptions
Temporal lobe
The ________ is the posterior of hemispheres. Receives, interprets, translates, and retransmits visual stimuli for action
Occipital lobe
The ______ contains the Extrapyrimidal system which is responsible for postural adjustment, gross voluntary movement, automatic movements, & feedback system for movement
Basal ganglia
The ________ is a large, bilateral egg shaped mass of gray matter located deep & near the midline of cerebral hemispheres. It is the relay center for sensory inputs.
Thalamus
The ___________ controls the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic and sympathetic). It is the pathway of emotions that influence body functions. It regulates electrolytes & body water
Hypothalamus
_______________ secretes hormones regulated by the pituitary gland (release of sex, thyroid & adrenal hormones), maintains arousal system (sleepfulness & wakefulness). It maintains normal body temperature and is part of appetite regulation.
Hypothalamus
Receiving inputs include:
- Nucleus of the solitary tract
- Reticular formation
- retina
- limbic and olfactory systems
- Hypothalamus (some of)
This nucleus collects all of the visceral information from the vagus and relays it to the hypothalamus and other targets. Info includes blood pressure and gut distension.
Nucleus of the solitary tract
This catchall nucleus in the brainstem receives a variety of inputs from the spinal cord. Among them is info about skin temp, which is relayed to the hypothalamus.
Reticular formation
In the retina, some fibers from the optic nerve go directly to a small nucleus within the hypothalamus called the ___________. This nucleus reglulates circadian rhythms, and couples the rhythms to the light/dark circles.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
In the limbic and olfactory systems, structures such as the _______, _______, and ________ project to the hypothalamus, and probably help to regulate behaviors such as eating and reproduction
Amydala, the hippocampus, and the olfactory cortex
Language areas are located in the ____ hemisphere in all _____ handed individuals and 85% of ___ handed
left, right, left
The _______ has receptive functions & interpretations for language
Wernicke’s area, receptive aphasia, Wernike’s aphasia
Broca’s area
expressive functions, damage results in motor aphasia
Results in labored, stilted speech in which the speaker drops words and can only speak in short sentences
Broca’s aphasia
Results in speech that uses the wrong words, nonsense words and the like. People with this type of aphasia can speak as if fluently (no stopping, no labor), but the words often come out strange. They also have difficult understanding the speech of others.
Wernicke’s aphasia
Combination of Broca’s and Wernicke’s forms of aphasia. Results in severe limitations of speech and a general liability to comprehend the language of others.
Global aphasia
Responsible for the maintenance of equilibrium, & balance of trunk, regulation of muscle tension, spinal & nerve reflexes, posture & balance of limbs. Regulation of coordination of fine limb movements.
Cerebellum
