PHARMACOLOGY MADE EASY 4.0 INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY Flashcards
Drugs are organized by the
nine body systems–
- as well as drugs for pain and inflammation and infection
the nine body systems–
neurological, musculoskeletal, respiratory, cardiovascular, hematologic, gastrointestinal, reproductive and genitourinary, endocrine, and immune
nformation for each drug will include the following information
I PACE CIA (drug information tables recap this info in quick reference format)
interventions precautions administration considerations, client instructions expected pharmacological action, contraindications, interactions. adverse drug reactions,
safety alerts
draw your attention to important safety considerations
The category of neurological system drugs breaks down further, into
central and peripheral nervous system drugs.
In relation to central nervous system drugs, there are several categories, such as
depressants, stimulants, anesthetics, anticonvulsants, drugs to treat neurodegenerative disorders, psychotherapeutics
pharmaceutics,
pharmacokinetics,
pharmacodynamics,
expected
pharmacologic and therapeutic effects,
adverse drug reactions,
contraindications,
precautions,
interactions
special drug considerations to be aware of during therapy.
drug-drug interations drug-food interactions, drug tolerance, cumulative effect, drug toxicity. T
considerations must also be addressed with
special populations, such as
women who are pregnant,
infants
children,
older adults.
It’s important that you know drugs by both the
generic name and the brand or trade name
pharmaceutical company develops a drug
-gives it an official name that becomes the
generic name of the drug.
Generic names are not capitalized.
TRUE/FALSE
TRUE
The brand, or trade, name is a drug’s
- commercial or proprietary name,
- capitalized
- can vary according to company producing/marketing it.
acetaminophen - generic for which brand
generic name of the brand Tylenol
Generic and brand/trade name drugs have the same
chemical composition.
FDA (US Food and Drug Administration)
-conducts studies to ensure
- new generic drug has same therapeutic equivalence as original brand-name drug.
- the generic form can then hit the market.
- on approval from client’s provider, generic drug interchangeable with brand name drug.
Drugs that require prescriptions are
Clients cannot obtain prescription drugs without
“prescription drugs.”
a prescription from licensed health provider (physician, nurse practitioner, physician’s assistant)
“nonprescription” drugs are available
“over-the-counter.”
Federal government identifies prescription drugs as potentially harmful if there is
no supervision of administration by a licensed health provider, (physician, nurse practitioner, physician’s assistant).
Ex’s of prescription drugs are
- antibiotics, - treat infections, such as ceftriaxone,(AKA Rocephin).
- antihypertensive drugs - treat high blood pressure, such as captopril (AKA Capoten)
- diuretics drugs - promote urination, such as furosemide (AKA Lasix)
- narcotic analgesics such as fentanyl, (AKA Sublimaze or Duragesic), which are opiate-based drugs for pain relief.
Nonprescription or over-the-counter drugs do not require
Why?
- a prescription
- have a designation from FDA - relatively safe to take without supervision.
- can purchase at drug stores, grocery stores, etc.
Some examples of nonprescription drugs are
- acetaminophen, (AKA Tylenol)
- ibuprofen (AKA Advil)
- diphenhydramine (AKA Benadryl)
- loratadine, (AKA Claritin)
- ranitidine, (AKA Zantac). - recalled - replaced with
- cimetidine (AKA Tagamet)
Pharmaceutics address how various drug forms affect the
- dissolution of a drug,
- absorption rate of a drug
- onset of action.
oral drugs
drugs by mouth
oral drug forms:
- tablet,
- capsule,
- powder,
- liquid forms.
Drugs that a client takes through the mouth, but inhales into the lungs, are usually in what form.
powder form
The form of an oral or inhaled drug influences its
rate of absorption.
Some oral drugs come in forms that
Ex:
-delay release of the drug.
- Ex-enteric-coated drugs,
- sometimes abbreviated as EC,
- dissolve when the drug reaches the intestine.
enteric-coated drugs,
- sometimes abbreviated as EC,
- dissolve when the drug reaches the intestine.
Extended release drugs,
- sometimes abbreviated as ER,
- release over a period of time.
Other terms for extended-release drugs include
- extended length, abbreviated as XL,
- sustained release, abbreviated as SR or XR,
- sustained action, abbreviated as SA.
Some oral drugs also come in an immediate-release form, which
expedites release of the drug.
RATES OF ABSORPTION IS DIFFERENT FOR EACH TYPE OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION FROM LONGEST TO SHORTEST
FROM LONGEST RATE TO SHORTEST RATE:
- LIQUID
- SUSPENSION
- POWDER
- CAPSULE
- TABLET
- COATED TABLET
- ENTERIC COATED TABLET
QUESTION OUT TO TEACHER ON THIS ONE??
IS THIS REVERSE
Parenteral (Injectable) Drugs - 3 WAYS TO ADMINSITER
- intravenously (into a vein), abbreviated as IV;
- subcutaneously (into subcutaneous tissue), commonly abbreviated as sub-Q;
- intramuscularly (into muscle tissue), commonly abbreviated as IM
The onset and absorption of parenteral drugs vary depending on
which method you give the drug.
Parenteral drugs typically come in either a
- liquid form
- dry form that needs liquid added - called reconstitution
reconstitution
when a dry form of a drug needs liquid added
The absorption of intravenous drugs
- immediate and complete,
- immediate onset of action.
absorption of subcutaneous and intramuscular drugs
-is variable.
what can affect the variability of absorption of subcutaneous and intramuscular drugs
- if the drug water-soluble/client has good circulatory blood flow/tissue perfusion, - absorption is rapid.
- if drug is not water-soluble/poorly water-soluble - absorption is slower
- if client has slowed/impaired circulatory blood flow/tissue perfusion - absorption is slower.
IN SHORT: Depending on solubility of drug and the client’s circulatory status - onset of action for subcutaneous/intramuscular injection varies.
subcutaneous drugs absorption would be rapid when
if highly water soluble and good circulatory flow
onset would vary
subcutaneous drugs absorption would be slow when
if poorly water soluble and/or circulatory blood flow is slow or impaired
onset would vary
Topical or transdermal drugs
-drugs applied to a client’s skin, eyes, ears, nose, rectum, vagina, lungs.
Topical drugs deliver
- constant amount of drug over extended period of time,
- slower onset of action,
- longer duration of action than oral or parenterally administered drugs.
Pharmacokinetics describes what
- absorption,
- distribution,
- metabolism,
- excretion of drugs.
absorption
movement of drug from site of administration to various tissues of body
how are inhalation drugs absorbed- distributed- metabolized- eliminated-
absorbed-lungs
distributed-?
metabolized-?
eliminated-exhaled air
how are IV (PARENTERAL) drugs absorbed- distributed- metabolized- eliminated-
- absorbed - directly into a vein
- distributed - by blood to skin and kidneys
- metabolized - ??
- eliminated - urine and sweat
how are oral drugs absorbed- distributed- metabolized- eliminated-
- absorbed - through the intestinal wall and enter portal vein to liver
- distributed by circulation
- metabolized by liver
- eliminated by sweat/urine/feces
how are subcutaneous (parenteral) drugs absorbed- distributed- metabolized- eliminated-
absorbed-subcutaneous tissue
distributed-blood to skin and then enter liver kidneys
metabolized-primarily in liver
eliminated-urine and sweat
because drug enters blood before liver - the first pass effect does not happen
how are transdermal drugs absorbed- distributed- metabolized- eliminated-
absorbed-blood
distributed-blood to kidneys/skin
metabolized-?
eliminated-sweat/urine
FIRST PASS EFFECT
WHAT IS THE RESULT
- PART OF DRUG MAY DEACTIVATED WHEN PASSES THROUGH THE LIVER
- ACTUAL AMOUNT OF DRUG AVAILABLE TO BODY IS LESS THAN CLIENT INGESTED ORALLY
BIOAVAILABILITY
THE AMOUNT OF THE ORAL DRUG AVAILABLE AFTER PASSING THROUGH THE LIVER
distribution
movement of drug by circulatory system to intended site of action
Drugs enter the blood after they absorb through
- the intestinal wall
- alveoli in the lungs,
- after direct or indirect injection.
- Areas of the body that have a rich blood supply, such as the liver, kidneys, and heart receive
- Areas of the body that do not have a rich supply of blood, such as the bones, or areas that have a natural barrier, such as the brain’s blood brain barrier
- highest level of drug.
- won’t receive a very high level of the drug.
Metabolism
- change that occurs in a drug
- -into a more or less potent form of the drug
- -more soluble form of the drug,
- -inactive form of the drug.
what organ is responsible for most of the metabolism of drugs that occurs in the body.
the liver
“Biotransformation”
- when structure of drug chemically altered during metabolism.
- new, or altered, form of drug called a “metabolite.”
The word metabolite indicates
by-product of metabolism.
Most of a drug’s biotransformation occurs in
the liver.
Excretion
Ex’s
-elimination of a drug or its metabolites
- kidneys eliminate many drugs - urine (kidneys may reabsorb some of drug-allowing it to pass through the body again before excretion actually occurs.
- gastrointestinal tract,
- skin,
- lungs.
Drug half life
- time it takes for a drug that enters the body to decrease in amount by half.
- reflects how quickly and efficiently a drug metabolizes and excretes.
You might need to administer drugs with a short half-life ….
Likewise, you might need to give drugs with a long half-life …..
- several times a day.
- only once a day.