Pharmacology Keywords

Question 1

Indication

Answer 1

Reason for giving a drug to a patient

Question 2

Contraindications

Answer 2

Reasons to not give a drug to a patient

Question 3

VCPR

Answer 3

Veterinary-Client-Patient Relationship
Veterinarian: assumes responsibility for clinical judgements, provides follow-up, has knowledge of patient’s issues & medical history
Client: agrees to follow veterinarian instruction

Question 4

Regimen

Answer 4

Plan for administering drugs
Placed on medication label, including
Kind of drug, route of administration, dose of drug, frequency of administration, duration of administration (how long to give drug)

Question 5

s.i.d.

Answer 5

1 time per day

Question 6

b.i.d.

Answer 6

2 times per day

Question 7

t.i.d.

Answer 7

3 times per day

Question 8

q.i.d.

Answer 8

4 times per day

Question 9

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 9

Complex series of events occurring after administration of a drug
Influenced by many factors, including route of administration

Question 10

PO

Answer 10

Oral route, administered by mouth
Not recommended in cases of vomiting
Some taste horrible & may need alternative routes of administration

Question 11

IV

Answer 11

Intravenous, administered directly into a vein
Nearly immediate effects
Short duration of action

Question 12

IM

Answer 12

Intramuscular, administered directly into a muscle
Sometimes painful
Absorbed slower than IV, quicker than SC

Question 13

SQ, SC

Answer 13

Subcutaneous, administered directly underneath the skin
Absorbed slowly
Longer duration of action

Question 14

ID

Answer 14

Intradermal, administered into the skin
Used for allergy testing

Question 15

IP

Answer 15

Intraperitoneal, injected into abdominal cavity

Question 16

IA

Answer 16

Intraarterial, administered directly into an artery

Question 17

Intaarticular

Answer 17

Administered directly into a joint

Question 18

IC

Answer 18

Intracardiac, administered directly into the heart
Often used for difficult euthanasia or cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Question 19

Intramedullary

Answer 19

Injected directly into bone marrow cavity

Question 20

Epidural

Answer 20

Administered into the spine

Question 21

Subdural

Answer 21

Administered near the spine

Question 22

CPR

Answer 22

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Question 23

Nebulizer

Answer 23

Medication inhaled as a fine mist
Often antibiotics or bronchodilators

Question 24

Metered-Dose Inhaler

Answer 24

Medication administered as a fine mist
Hand-held device placed over patient’s mouth & nose

Question 25

Anesthetic Gases

Answer 25

Anesthetic medications that are inhaled as a fine mist

Question 26

Transdermal, Topical

Answer 26

Medications placed on skin to be absorbed Slow absorption over time Gloves should always be worn

Question 27

Concentration Gradient

Answer 27

Movement of molecules from an area with a lot of the molecules to an area with fewer of the molecules

Question 28

Bioavailability

Answer 28

Amount of medication absorbed & available to the patient

Question 29

Water-Soluble Drugs

Answer 29

Medications that breakdown within water Tend to stay in bloodstream Bind to proteins or free float

Question 30

Lipid-Soluble Drugs

Answer 30

Medications that breakdown in fats Tend to move out of bloodstream, into interstitial fluid Storage sites: fat, liver, kidneys, bone

Question 31

Blood-Brain Barrier

Answer 31

Barrier filtering spinal fluid or blood entering the brain tissues Can interfere with some medication's absorption

Question 32

Placenta

Answer 32

Organ connecting growing fetus to mother's uterus Can interfere with some medication's absorption

Question 33

Drug Excretion

Answer 33

Medication's elimination from the body Via kidneys - urine Via liver - bile Via mammary glands - milk Via lungs, GI tract, sweat glands, saliva

Question 34

Residue

Answer 34

Medications taken by an animal that are still present in animal's meat or milk product

Question 35

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 35

Study of a medicine's mechanism of action

Question 36

Mechanism of Action

Answer 36

How a medication effects the physiology of the patient Medications may combine with parts of body cells to change cell function Medications may increase or decrease activity of certain cells or tissues

Question 37

Efficacy

Answer 37

Degree to which a medication produces the desired effect Once the efficacy level is reached, giving more of the medication will not improve effects

Question 38

Potency

Answer 38

Amount of drug needed to produce desired effect Represented on dose-response curve

Question 39

LD50

Answer 39

Lethal dose 50 Amount of medication that is deadly in 50% of patients given the medication

Question 40

ED50

Answer 40

Effective dose 50 Amount of medication that produces desired effect in 50% of patients given the medication

Question 41

Therapeutic Index

Answer 41

LD50 ÷ ED50 = Therapeutic Index

Question 42

Adverse Drug Reaction

Answer 42

Any undesired reaction to a medication

Question 43

Formulary

Answer 43

Book containing drug dosages & adverse reaction lists

Question 44

EPA

Answer 44

Environmental Protection Agency Regulates development & approval of animal topical pesticides

Question 45

DEA

Answer 45

Drug Enforcement Agency Concerned with regulation of substances with potential for human abuse

Question 46

USDA

Answer 46

United States Department of Agriculture Regulates development & approval of biological medical products I.e. vaccines, serums, antitoxins

Question 47

AMDUCA

Answer 47

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act Permits extra label use of approved drugs under certain conditions

Question 48

6 Rights of Drug Administration

Answer 48

Right patient Right drug Right dose Right route Right time, frequency Right documentation

Question 49

Oral Medication Forms

Answer 49

Tablets, suspensions, capsules

Question 50

Emulsion

Answer 50

Milky solution containing a medication Must be shaken

Question 51

Elixir

Answer 51

Compound liquid medication held in solution by alcohol Contains flavoring & sweetener to mask medication's flavor

Question 52

Endotracheal Tube

Answer 52

Tube placed into trachea for controlled ventilation For use with anesthesia machines