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Penn Foster Pharmacology > Pharmacologic Agents > Flashcards

Pharmacologic Agents Flashcards

1
Q

Phenothiazine Tranquilizer

A

Produce sedation without significant analgesia
Acepromazine, Chlorpromazine

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2
Q

Neuroleptanalgesic

A

Combination opioid & tranquilizer
Reduce awareness & produce analgesia
May or May not alter consciousness
Fentanyl & Droperidol, Acepromazine & Morphine

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3
Q

Behavioral Pharmacotherapy

A

Newer branch of veterinary medicine
Combined with environmental management
Treats behavioral problems
Anxiety, phobias, compulsive disorders, etc

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4
Q

Anxiolytic

A

Anti anxiety medications
Alprazolam, Buspirone
Side effects: lethargy, ataxia, hyperexcitability

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5
Q

Antidepressants

A

Often treat compulsive disorders
Medications that prevent reuptake of serotonin & norepinephrine
Side effects: sedation, tachycardia, mydriasis

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6
Q

Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors

A

Prevent reuptake of serotonin, increasing amount of serotonin
Side effects: anorexia, nausea, lethargy

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7
Q

Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibitors

A

Blocks monoamine oxidase, increasing dopamine levels
(Monoamine oxidase breaks down dopamine)

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8
Q

Ionotropic Drugs

A

Affect force or strength of heart contractions
Positive ionotropic & Negative ionotropic

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9
Q

Positive Ionotropic Drugs

A

Increase heart contraction strength

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10
Q

Negative Ionotropic Drugs

A

Decrease heart contraction strength

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11
Q

Chronotropic Drugs

A

Affects heart rate
Positive chronotropic & Negative chronotropic

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12
Q

Positive Chronotropic Drugs

A

Increase heart rate

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13
Q

Negative Chronotropic Drugs

A

Decreases heart rate

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14
Q

Emetics

A

Induce vomiting
Treats poisoning & toxic ingestion
Removes ~80% stomach contents

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15
Q

Antiemetics

A

Prevent vomiting
Only treats symptoms, not a cure

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16
Q

Hemantics

A

Iron supplements
Corrects anemia

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17
Q

Anticoagulant

A

Prevents clot formation

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18
Q

Laxatives

A

Stimulates bowel movements

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19
Q

Anti-Acids

A

Neutralize stomach acids
Bind directly to acids

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20
Q

Antitussives

A

Suppresses cough
Treats nonproductive cough

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21
Q

Expectorants

A

Reduces adhesiveness of mucus

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22
Q

Mucolytics

A

Suppresses mucus production

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23
Q

Decongestant

A

Reduce swelling or congestion of nasal passages

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24
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Steroids produced or synthesized by the adrenal cortex
Used to treat inflammatory conditions

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25
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter
Triggers muscle contraction

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26
Q

Anticholinergics

A

Decreases GI motility, dries secretions, dilates pupils, prevents/treats bradycardia

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27
Q

Adrenergics

A

Increases heart rate, causes vasodilation, treats urinary incontinence

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28
Q

Barbiturates

A

CNS depressant

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29
Q

Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

A

NSAIDs
Mild pain relief, anti-inflammatory effects

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30
Q

Synthetic Progestins

A

Synthetic hormones
Used to treat aggression in males, spraying/marking in cats

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31
Q

Euthanasia Agents

A

Relieve suffering by ending life
Produce rapid unconsciousness without excessive struggling or movement

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32
Q

Antidiuretics

A

Controls the amount of water & salt excreted via kidneys & urine
Decrease urine output

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33
Q

Diuretics

A

Controls amount of water & salt excreted via kidneys & urine
Increases urine output

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34
Q

Urinary Acidifiers

A

Lower the pH of urine
Lower pH discourages urinary crystal & stone formations

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35
Q

Urinary Alkalinizers

A

Raise the pH of urine
Higher pH discourages formation of some urinary stones & crystals

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36
Q

Urinary Incontinence

A

Inability to control urination
Inappropriate urination or anuria
Common causes: nerve damage, hormone imbalance

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37
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

GAGs
Prevent microorganisms & crystals from sticking to wall of bladder
Manages interstitial cystitis

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38
Q

Epakitin

A

Binds phosphorus in intestine
Eliminates phosphorus from blood (build up is usually due to renal failure)

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39
Q

Catecholamines

A

Stimulates CNS to increase force & rate of heart contractions, constricts blood vessels, elevates blood glucose levels

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40
Q

Bipyridine Derivatives

A

Inhibits enzymes leading to an increase in cellular calcium

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41
Q

Surfactants

A

Reduces surface tension
Allows water penetration into GI contents, softening the contents

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42
Q

Protectants

A

Coats intestines & relieves inflammation

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43
Q

Absorbents

A

Binds to bacteria or toxins to protect against harmful effects

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44
Q

Anti-Foaming Agents

A

Surfactant
Reduces surface tension of bubbles, breaking them down
Used to prevent ruminant bloat

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45
Q

Anti-inflammatory Drugs

A

Decrease inflammation

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46
Q

GI Prokinetics

A

Stimulates GI motility

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47
Q

Bulk-Producing Agents

A

Absorb water & swell to increase bulk of intestinal contents
Stimulates peristalsis/GI motility

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48
Q

Prostaglandin E-1 Analogs

A

Decreases stomach acid production
Protects stomach lining
Prevents & treats gastric ulcers after NSAID use

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49
Q

Hypothalamus’ Role in Endocrine System

A

Hypothalamus senses which hormones need to be secreted via feedback loops
Many factors influence production

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50
Q

Negative Feedback Loop of Endocrine System

A

Negative feedback: high levels of hormones decrease production

Positive feedback: low levels of hormones increase production

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51
Q

Gonadotropin

A

Release is stimulated by hypothalamus
Causes pituitary gland to release follicle stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone

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52
Q

Estrogen

A

Causes body to transition from proestrus to estrus, ready for breeding

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53
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A

Causes mature follicle to ovulate
Begins to form corpus luteum

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54
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Releases progesterone
Starts diestrus cycle

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55
Q

Progesterone

A

Prepares uterus for reproduction
Decreases production of GnRH via negative feedback

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56
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Causes pituitary gland to release gonadotropins

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57
Q

Gonadorelins

A

Synthetic GnRH
Causes release of gonadotropins

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58
Q

Chorionic Gonadotropin

A

Synthetic luteinizing hormone
Treats cystic ovaries in cattle

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59
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

A

Stimulates ovaries to produce ova

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60
Q

Estrogens

A

Female sex hormones
Inhibit ovulation
Increase uterine time
Treat persistent corpus luteum in cattle

61
Q

Androgens

A

Male sex hormones
Promote weight gain
RBC formation
Tissue anabolism (growth)
Prevent estrus in female dogs

62
Q

Progestins

A

Same effects of progesterone
Helps maintain pregnancy

63
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Activate or inhibit platelet buildup for blood clot formation
Induce parturition

64
Q

Thyroid Glands

A

Located in cervical region
Convert iodine into T3 & T4

65
Q

T3

A

Triiodothyronine
Active thyroid hormone

66
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine
Inactive form of thyroid hormone

67
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Increased heart rate
Weight loss despite diet increase
Hyperexcitability

68
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Lethargy
Low heart rate
Poor skin & coat conditions

69
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism

A

Addison’s disease
Adrenal gland unable to produce aldosterone & glucocorticoids
Fatal if not treated
Clinical signs:
Weakness, collapse, diarrhea

70
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism

A

Cushing’s disease
Overproduction of aldosterone & glucocorticoids from adrenal gland
Causes by pituitary gland tumor secreting ACTH

71
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A

ACTH
Produced by adrenal glands
Overproduced in Cushing’s patients

72
Q

Schirmer Tear Test

A

Measures test production from lacrimal glands

73
Q

Fluorescein Stain

A

Liquid applied to the cornea
Adheres to corneal ulcerations & abrasions, coloring the area
May cause coloration of nasal discharge via nasolacrimal duct

74
Q

Rose Bengal

A

Stain used to detect corneal damage due to virus or low tear production

75
Q

Intraocular Pressure

A

Pressure due to aqueous humor buildup due to inadequate drainage or production

76
Q

Topical Ocular Anesthetics

A

Drops applied to eye
Analgesic effect
Tetracaine, proparacaine

77
Q

Topical Ocular Cleaner

A

Diluted povidone-Iodine solution

78
Q

Mydriatics

A

Dilate pupils
Easing view of retina during examination

79
Q

Miotics

A

Constrict pupils
Treat glaucoma
Allow aqueous humor to drain more readily

80
Q

Glaucoma

A

Increased intraocular pressure

81
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor

A

Lower production of aqueous humor
Lowering intraocular pressure

82
Q

IOP

A

Intraocular pressure

83
Q

Tonometer

A

Measures intraocular pressure
Topical ocular anesthetic is often used

84
Q

Otic drugs

A

Medications for ear issues

85
Q

Dermatophyte Test

A

Diagnostic test for bacterial infections, fungal infections

86
Q

Wood’s Lamp Light

A

UV light used for dermatophyte testing

87
Q

3 Skin Layers

A

Epidermis: outermost, protective
Dermis: blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles
Hypodermis: fat & connective tissue

88
Q

Seborrhea

A

Increased oil production within skin
Characterized by scaly, itchy skin

89
Q

Keratolytic

A

Promotes loosening of epidermis
Helps remove scaly, dead skin

90
Q

Astringents

A

Encourages precipitation of proteins
Used on moist dermatitis

91
Q

Antiseptic

A

Inhibits growth of bacteria
Used to clean wounds, prepare site for surgery

92
Q

Antipruritic

A

Anti-itching effect
I.e. fatty acid supplements

93
Q

Zoonotic

A

Disease that is transferable from animal to human

94
Q

Stages of Wound Healing

A

Inflammatory
Debridement
Repair
Maturation

95
Q

Stage 1 of Wound Healing

A

Begins immediately
Inflammation occurs
Blood vessels constrict
Serum leaks into wounds
Fibrin promotes clotting to seal wound

96
Q

Stage 2 of Wound Healing

A

Debridement stage
Begins ~6 hours
White blood cells move into area
Clears up infection & removes dead materials

97
Q

Stage 3 of Wound Healing

A

Repair stage
Begins at 3-5 days
Fibroblasts move through area
Collagen is produced to form granulation tissue

98
Q

Stage 4 of Wound Healing

A

Maturation stage
Lasts weeks to years
Remodeling occurs
Stages 1-3 are over
Healed area becomes strongest

99
Q

Caustic Agents

A

Burn away or eat dead flesh

100
Q

Gram Testings

A

Used to classify bacteria
Stained microscope slides

101
Q

Gram Positive

A

Stains blue

102
Q

Gram Negative

A

Does not stain
Appears red

103
Q

Acid Fast Stain

A

Classifies bacteria that does not gram stain

104
Q

Aerobic Bacteria

A

Bacteria that needs oxygen to survive

105
Q

Anaerobic Bacteria

A

Bacteria that can live without oxygen

106
Q

Antibiotics

A

Bacteriostatic: inhibit growth of bacteria
Bactericidal: kill bacteria

107
Q

Superficial Fungal Infections

A

Fungal infections of the skin or eyes

108
Q

Systemic Fungal Infections

A

Fungal infection of the blood, lungs, CNS

109
Q

Sensitivity Testing

A

Testing of treatments against the bacteria or fungus to point treatment in the right direction

110
Q

Nosocomial Infection

A

Hospital -based or -caused

111
Q

Disinfectants

A

Used in inanimate objects
Kills microorganisms & inactive viruses

112
Q

Antiseptics

A

Used on living tissue
Kills microorganisms

113
Q

Parasites

A

Organisms living off of a host animal
Derives nutrients & home from host

114
Q

Ectoparasite

A

Live on the outside of the host
I.e. fleas

115
Q

Endoparasites

A

Live inside of the host’s body
I.e. hookworms

116
Q

Parasitiasis

A

Animal is infected
No clinical signs are observed

117
Q

Parasitosis

A

Animal is infected
Clinical signs are observed

118
Q

Anthelmintic

A

Kills helminth parasites

119
Q

Helminth Parasites

A

Intestinal worms
I.e. roundworms

120
Q

Anticestodal Agents

A

Treat tapeworms

121
Q

Antitrematodal Agents

A

Kill flukes

122
Q

Flukes

A

Flattened worm parasites
Effect the liver

123
Q

Antiprotazoal Agents

A

Kill protozoa

124
Q

Protozoa

A

Single-celled organisms
Cause diarrhea in most species
I.e. giardia, coccidia

125
Q

Indirect Signs of Pain in Canines

A

Abnormal body movements, positioning
Increased: heart rate, respiratory rate
Decreased appetite
Salivation, tenderness, restlessness

126
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Potent anti-inflammatory agents
Wide variety of uses
Do not treat disease
Only relieves symptoms

127
Q

Signs of Dehydration

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, lack of drinking
Dry/tacky mucous membranes
Slow skin turgor
Weak, unsteady pulse

128
Q

Macrodrip IV Line

A

10 drops per mL
15 drops per mL
20 drops per mL

129
Q

Microdrip IV Line

A

60 drops per mL

130
Q

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

A

A: vision
D: calcium
E: antioxidant
K: clotting factor
Dissolve in adipose tissue

131
Q

Water-Soluble Vitamins

A

All vitamins other than A, D, E, or K
Dissolve in water
I.e. vitamin B complex & vitamin C

132
Q

Immunosuppressant Agents

A

Slow immune responses
Treat immune-mediated disorders

133
Q

Immune-Mediated Disease

A

Disease in which the body attacks itself

134
Q

Inactivated, Killed Vaccine

A

Contain dead genes of the virus
Safer, longer shelf life

135
Q

Live Vaccine

A

Created from live virus DNA
May be virulent or avirulent
Cause strong immune reactions

136
Q

Virulent

A

Able to cause infection

137
Q

Avirulent

A

Unable to cause infection

138
Q

Modified Live Vaccine

A

Live virus DNA that is modified to remove virulence

139
Q

Recombinant Vaccine

A

Manufactured DNA is combined with small bits of DNA from virus

140
Q

Core Vaccines

A

Basic vaccines for all animals

141
Q

Non-Core Vaccines

A

Vaccines that are given dependent on outside factors

142
Q

Toxoid

A

Vaccine given to create immunity against a toxin

143
Q

Clinical Signs of Vaccine Reaction

A

Vomiting, ataxia, facial swelling
Salivation, hives, dyspnea

144
Q

Regenerative Medicine

A

Use of cells & growth factors to improve repair damaged or poorly-functioning tissues

145
Q

Stem Cells

A

Cells that can specialize as a specific type of cell

146
Q

Nutraceuticals

A

Food supplements or additives with health benefits
Do not undergo FDA testing

147
Q

Chondroprotective Agents

A

Slow down erosion of cartilage
Do not heal or regenerate cartilage
Preventative, not treatment
I.e. glucosamines

148
Q

Herbal Medicine

A

Use of plants to treat disease
Ginger: anti-inflammatory
Aloe vera: treats burns & wounds
Milk thistle: supports, heals liver

Penn Foster Pharmacology (2 decks)

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