Pharmacologic Agents Flashcards
1
Q
Phenothiazine Tranquilizer
A
Produce sedation without significant analgesia
Acepromazine, Chlorpromazine
2
Q
Neuroleptanalgesic
A
Combination opioid & tranquilizer
Reduce awareness & produce analgesia
May or May not alter consciousness
Fentanyl & Droperidol, Acepromazine & Morphine
3
Q
Behavioral Pharmacotherapy
A
Newer branch of veterinary medicine
Combined with environmental management
Treats behavioral problems
Anxiety, phobias, compulsive disorders, etc
4
Q
Anxiolytic
A
Anti anxiety medications
Alprazolam, Buspirone
Side effects: lethargy, ataxia, hyperexcitability
5
Q
Antidepressants
A
Often treat compulsive disorders
Medications that prevent reuptake of serotonin & norepinephrine
Side effects: sedation, tachycardia, mydriasis
6
Q
Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors
A
Prevent reuptake of serotonin, increasing amount of serotonin
Side effects: anorexia, nausea, lethargy
7
Q
Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibitors
A
Blocks monoamine oxidase, increasing dopamine levels
(Monoamine oxidase breaks down dopamine)
8
Q
Ionotropic Drugs
A
Affect force or strength of heart contractions
Positive ionotropic & Negative ionotropic
9
Q
Positive Ionotropic Drugs
A
Increase heart contraction strength
10
Q
Negative Ionotropic Drugs
A
Decrease heart contraction strength
11
Q
Chronotropic Drugs
A
Affects heart rate
Positive chronotropic & Negative chronotropic
12
Q
Positive Chronotropic Drugs
A
Increase heart rate
13
Q
Negative Chronotropic Drugs
A
Decreases heart rate
14
Q
Emetics
A
Induce vomiting
Treats poisoning & toxic ingestion
Removes ~80% stomach contents
15
Q
Antiemetics
A
Prevent vomiting
Only treats symptoms, not a cure
16
Q
Hemantics
A
Iron supplements
Corrects anemia
17
Q
Anticoagulant
A
Prevents clot formation
18
Q
Laxatives
A
Stimulates bowel movements
19
Q
Anti-Acids
A
Neutralize stomach acids
Bind directly to acids
20
Q
Antitussives
A
Suppresses cough
Treats nonproductive cough
21
Q
Expectorants
A
Reduces adhesiveness of mucus
22
Q
Mucolytics
A
Suppresses mucus production
23
Q
Decongestant
A
Reduce swelling or congestion of nasal passages
24
Q
Corticosteroids
A
Steroids produced or synthesized by the adrenal cortex
Used to treat inflammatory conditions
25
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter
Triggers muscle contraction
26
Anticholinergics
Decreases GI motility, dries secretions, dilates pupils, prevents/treats bradycardia
27
Adrenergics
Increases heart rate, causes vasodilation, treats urinary incontinence
28
Barbiturates
CNS depressant
29
Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
NSAIDs
Mild pain relief, anti-inflammatory effects
30
Synthetic Progestins
Synthetic hormones
Used to treat aggression in males, spraying/marking in cats
31
Euthanasia Agents
Relieve suffering by ending life
Produce rapid unconsciousness without excessive struggling or movement
32
Antidiuretics
Controls the amount of water & salt excreted via kidneys & urine
Decrease urine output
33
Diuretics
Controls amount of water & salt excreted via kidneys & urine
Increases urine output
34
Urinary Acidifiers
Lower the pH of urine
Lower pH discourages urinary crystal & stone formations
35
Urinary Alkalinizers
Raise the pH of urine
Higher pH discourages formation of some urinary stones & crystals
36
Urinary Incontinence
Inability to control urination
Inappropriate urination or anuria
Common causes: nerve damage, hormone imbalance
37
Glycosaminoglycans
GAGs
Prevent microorganisms & crystals from sticking to wall of bladder
Manages interstitial cystitis
38
Epakitin
Binds phosphorus in intestine
Eliminates phosphorus from blood (build up is usually due to renal failure)
39
Catecholamines
Stimulates CNS to increase force & rate of heart contractions, constricts blood vessels, elevates blood glucose levels
40
Bipyridine Derivatives
Inhibits enzymes leading to an increase in cellular calcium
41
Surfactants
Reduces surface tension
Allows water penetration into GI contents, softening the contents
42
Protectants
Coats intestines & relieves inflammation
43
Absorbents
Binds to bacteria or toxins to protect against harmful effects
44
Anti-Foaming Agents
Surfactant
Reduces surface tension of bubbles, breaking them down
Used to prevent ruminant bloat
45
Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Decrease inflammation
46
GI Prokinetics
Stimulates GI motility
47
Bulk-Producing Agents
Absorb water & swell to increase bulk of intestinal contents
Stimulates peristalsis/GI motility
48
Prostaglandin E-1 Analogs
Decreases stomach acid production
Protects stomach lining
Prevents & treats gastric ulcers after NSAID use
49
Hypothalamus' Role in Endocrine System
Hypothalamus senses which hormones need to be secreted via feedback loops
Many factors influence production
50
Negative Feedback Loop of Endocrine System
Negative feedback: high levels of hormones decrease production
Positive feedback: low levels of hormones increase production
51
Gonadotropin
Release is stimulated by hypothalamus
Causes pituitary gland to release follicle stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone
52
Estrogen
Causes body to transition from proestrus to estrus, ready for breeding
53
Luteinizing Hormone
Causes mature follicle to ovulate
Begins to form corpus luteum
54
Corpus Luteum
Releases progesterone
Starts diestrus cycle
55
Progesterone
Prepares uterus for reproduction
Decreases production of GnRH via negative feedback
56
GnRH
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Causes pituitary gland to release gonadotropins
57
Gonadorelins
Synthetic GnRH
Causes release of gonadotropins
58
Chorionic Gonadotropin
Synthetic luteinizing hormone
Treats cystic ovaries in cattle
59
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Stimulates ovaries to produce ova
60
Estrogens
Female sex hormones
Inhibit ovulation
Increase uterine time
Treat persistent corpus luteum in cattle
61
Androgens
Male sex hormones
Promote weight gain
RBC formation
Tissue anabolism (growth)
Prevent estrus in female dogs
62
Progestins
Same effects of progesterone
Helps maintain pregnancy
63
Prostaglandins
Activate or inhibit platelet buildup for blood clot formation
Induce parturition
64
Thyroid Glands
Located in cervical region
Convert iodine into T3 & T4
65
T3
Triiodothyronine
Active thyroid hormone
66
T4
Thyroxine
Inactive form of thyroid hormone
67
Hyperthyroidism
Increased heart rate
Weight loss despite diet increase
Hyperexcitability
68
Hypothyroidism
Lethargy
Low heart rate
Poor skin & coat conditions
69
Hypoadrenocorticism
Addison's disease
Adrenal gland unable to produce aldosterone & glucocorticoids
Fatal if not treated
Clinical signs:
Weakness, collapse, diarrhea
70
Hyperadrenocorticism
Cushing's disease
Overproduction of aldosterone & glucocorticoids from adrenal gland
Causes by pituitary gland tumor secreting ACTH
71
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
ACTH
Produced by adrenal glands
Overproduced in Cushing's patients
72
Schirmer Tear Test
Measures test production from lacrimal glands
73
Fluorescein Stain
Liquid applied to the cornea
Adheres to corneal ulcerations & abrasions, coloring the area
May cause coloration of nasal discharge via nasolacrimal duct
74
Rose Bengal
Stain used to detect corneal damage due to virus or low tear production
75
Intraocular Pressure
Pressure due to aqueous humor buildup due to inadequate drainage or production
76
Topical Ocular Anesthetics
Drops applied to eye
Analgesic effect
Tetracaine, proparacaine
77
Topical Ocular Cleaner
Diluted povidone-Iodine solution
78
Mydriatics
Dilate pupils
Easing view of retina during examination
79
Miotics
Constrict pupils
Treat glaucoma
Allow aqueous humor to drain more readily
80
Glaucoma
Increased intraocular pressure
81
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
Lower production of aqueous humor
Lowering intraocular pressure
82
IOP
Intraocular pressure
83
Tonometer
Measures intraocular pressure
Topical ocular anesthetic is often used
84
Otic drugs
Medications for ear issues
85
Dermatophyte Test
Diagnostic test for bacterial infections, fungal infections
86
Wood's Lamp Light
UV light used for dermatophyte testing
87
3 Skin Layers
Epidermis: outermost, protective
Dermis: blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles
Hypodermis: fat & connective tissue
88
Seborrhea
Increased oil production within skin
Characterized by scaly, itchy skin
89
Keratolytic
Promotes loosening of epidermis
Helps remove scaly, dead skin
90
Astringents
Encourages precipitation of proteins
Used on moist dermatitis
91
Antiseptic
Inhibits growth of bacteria
Used to clean wounds, prepare site for surgery
92
Antipruritic
Anti-itching effect
I.e. fatty acid supplements
93
Zoonotic
Disease that is transferable from animal to human
94
Stages of Wound Healing
Inflammatory
Debridement
Repair
Maturation
95
Stage 1 of Wound Healing
Begins immediately
Inflammation occurs
Blood vessels constrict
Serum leaks into wounds
Fibrin promotes clotting to seal wound
96
Stage 2 of Wound Healing
Debridement stage
Begins ~6 hours
White blood cells move into area
Clears up infection & removes dead materials
97
Stage 3 of Wound Healing
Repair stage
Begins at 3-5 days
Fibroblasts move through area
Collagen is produced to form granulation tissue
98
Stage 4 of Wound Healing
Maturation stage
Lasts weeks to years
Remodeling occurs
Stages 1-3 are over
Healed area becomes strongest
99
Caustic Agents
Burn away or eat dead flesh
100
Gram Testings
Used to classify bacteria
Stained microscope slides
101
Gram Positive
Stains blue
102
Gram Negative
Does not stain
Appears red
103
Acid Fast Stain
Classifies bacteria that does not gram stain
104
Aerobic Bacteria
Bacteria that needs oxygen to survive
105
Anaerobic Bacteria
Bacteria that can live without oxygen
106
Antibiotics
Bacteriostatic: inhibit growth of bacteria
Bactericidal: kill bacteria
107
Superficial Fungal Infections
Fungal infections of the skin or eyes
108
Systemic Fungal Infections
Fungal infection of the blood, lungs, CNS
109
Sensitivity Testing
Testing of treatments against the bacteria or fungus to point treatment in the right direction
110
Nosocomial Infection
Hospital -based or -caused
111
Disinfectants
Used in inanimate objects
Kills microorganisms & inactive viruses
112
Antiseptics
Used on living tissue
Kills microorganisms
113
Parasites
Organisms living off of a host animal
Derives nutrients & home from host
114
Ectoparasite
Live on the outside of the host
I.e. fleas
115
Endoparasites
Live inside of the host's body
I.e. hookworms
116
Parasitiasis
Animal is infected
No clinical signs are observed
117
Parasitosis
Animal is infected
Clinical signs are observed
118
Anthelmintic
Kills helminth parasites
119
Helminth Parasites
Intestinal worms
I.e. roundworms
120
Anticestodal Agents
Treat tapeworms
121
Antitrematodal Agents
Kill flukes
122
Flukes
Flattened worm parasites
Effect the liver
123
Antiprotazoal Agents
Kill protozoa
124
Protozoa
Single-celled organisms
Cause diarrhea in most species
I.e. giardia, coccidia
125
Indirect Signs of Pain in Canines
Abnormal body movements, positioning
Increased: heart rate, respiratory rate
Decreased appetite
Salivation, tenderness, restlessness
126
Corticosteroids
Potent anti-inflammatory agents
Wide variety of uses
Do not treat disease
Only relieves symptoms
127
Signs of Dehydration
Vomiting, diarrhea, lack of drinking
Dry/tacky mucous membranes
Slow skin turgor
Weak, unsteady pulse
128
Macrodrip IV Line
10 drops per mL
15 drops per mL
20 drops per mL
129
Microdrip IV Line
60 drops per mL
130
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
A: vision
D: calcium
E: antioxidant
K: clotting factor
Dissolve in adipose tissue
131
Water-Soluble Vitamins
All vitamins other than A, D, E, or K
Dissolve in water
I.e. vitamin B complex & vitamin C
132
Immunosuppressant Agents
Slow immune responses
Treat immune-mediated disorders
133
Immune-Mediated Disease
Disease in which the body attacks itself
134
Inactivated, Killed Vaccine
Contain dead genes of the virus
Safer, longer shelf life
135
Live Vaccine
Created from live virus DNA
May be virulent or avirulent
Cause strong immune reactions
136
Virulent
Able to cause infection
137
Avirulent
Unable to cause infection
138
Modified Live Vaccine
Live virus DNA that is modified to remove virulence
139
Recombinant Vaccine
Manufactured DNA is combined with small bits of DNA from virus
140
Core Vaccines
Basic vaccines for all animals
141
Non-Core Vaccines
Vaccines that are given dependent on outside factors
142
Toxoid
Vaccine given to create immunity against a toxin
143
Clinical Signs of Vaccine Reaction
Vomiting, ataxia, facial swelling
Salivation, hives, dyspnea
144
Regenerative Medicine
Use of cells & growth factors to improve repair damaged or poorly-functioning tissues
145
Stem Cells
Cells that can specialize as a specific type of cell
146
Nutraceuticals
Food supplements or additives with health benefits
Do not undergo FDA testing
147
Chondroprotective Agents
Slow down erosion of cartilage
Do not heal or regenerate cartilage
Preventative, not treatment
I.e. glucosamines
148
Herbal Medicine
Use of plants to treat disease
Ginger: anti-inflammatory
Aloe vera: treats burns & wounds
Milk thistle: supports, heals liver
