Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular module > Pharmacology: Katzung Drugs used in Hypertension > Flashcards

Pharmacology: Katzung Drugs used in Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

What diuretics are used to treat hypertension?

A

Hydrochlorothiazide
Chlorothalidone
Furosemide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the MOA and clinical applications for hyrochlorothiazide and chlorothalidone?

A

They block the Na/Cl transporter in the distal convoluted tubule and are used for

(1) hypertension
(2) mild edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the MOA and clinical application for Furosemide?

A

Furosemide blocks the Na/K/2Cl transporter in the TALH. It is used for

(1) HTN
(2) Heart failure
(3) edema
(4) hypercalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What adverse effects are associated with Hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothalidone?

A

(1) Hypokalemia
(2) metabolic alkalosis
(3) Hyperglycemia
(4) Hyperlipidemia
(5) Hyperuricemia
(6) Hypercalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with Furosemide?

A

(1) Hypokalemia
(2) Hypovolemia
(3) OTOTOXICITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why are diuretics used to treat hypertension?

A

Because diuretics will decrease blood volume and this will decrease the systemic blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are sympathoplegics?

A

Sympathoplegics are durgs that interfere with sympathetic control of cardiovascular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why are sypathoplegics used to treat hypertension?

A

Because they can decrease venous tone, HR, contractile force, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance. Altogether this will decrease the blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What centrally acting sympathoplegics are used to treat hypertension?

A

Clonidine

Methyldopa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the MOA of clonidine?

A

clonidine is an alpha 2 agonist that decreases sympathetic outflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with clonidine?

A

(1) sedation
(2) Danger of rebound hypertension if drug is stopped.
(3) dry mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the MOA for methyldopa?

A

Methyldopa is a prodrug that is converted to methylnorepinephrine in the CNS with results like clonidine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with methyldopa?

A

(1) sedation

2) hemolytic antibodies (positive coombs test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the ganglion blocking drugs that can be used to treat hypertension?

A

(1) Hexamthonium (obsolete)
(2) Trimethaphan
(3) Mecamylamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is trimethaphan used for?

A

Trimethaphan is used as a short acting ganglion blocker in hypertensive emergencies. Creates controlled hypotension.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is mecamylamine and what is it used for?

A

Mecamylamine is an oral ganglion blocker with a duration of several hours which is under investigation for use in smoking cessation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the major compensatory response to ganglion blockers?

A

salt retention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What toxicities are associated with ganglion blockers?

A

(1) blurred vision
(2) constipation
(3) urinary hesitancy
(4) sexual dysfunction (sympathetic blockade)
(5) orthostatic hypotension (sympathetic blockade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which post ganglionic neuron blockers are used to treat hypertension?

A

(1) reserpine

(2) Guanethidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the clinical applications and MOA of reserpine?

A

reserpine blocks the loading of vesicles with catecholamines. It is used to treat

(1) hypertension
(2) Huntington’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with reserpine?

A

(1) sedation

2) severe psychiatric depression (at high doses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the adverse effects and MOA of Guanethidine?

A

Guanethidine blocks re-uptake of norepinephrine. However, it causes severe orthostatic hypertension and is therefore no longer used.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why are post ganglionic blockers used to treat hypertension?

A

Because they deplete stores of catcholamines thus inhibiting sympathetic activity. This decreases cardiac output and TPR.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the compensatory response to post ganglion blockers?

A

salt and water retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which alpha blockers are used to treat hypertension?

A

Prazosin
Doxazosin
Terozosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the mechanism of action for alpha blockers?

A

The alpha blockers

(1) reduce TPR
(2) reduce prostatic smooth muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is prazosin used for?

A

(1) mild hypertension

(2) benign prostatic hyperplasia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What adverse effects are associated with prazosin?

A

First dose orthostatic hypertension.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What differentiates doxazosin and terazosin from prazosin?

A

doxazosin and terazosin have a longer duration of action.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which beta blockers are used to treat hypertension?

A

(1) Propranolol
(2) Atenolol
(3) Metoprolol
(4) labetalol
(5) Carvedilol

31
Q

What is the mechanism of action for propranolol?

A

Propranolol is a non selective beta blocker that reduces cardiac output and possibly renin release also.

32
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with the beta blockers?

A

(1) bronchospasm in asthmatics
(2) excessive cardiac depression
(3) sexual dysfunction
(4) sedation
(5) sleep disturbances

33
Q

What differentiates Atenolol and metoprolol from propranolol?

A

Atenolol and metoprolol are beta 1 selective and have fewer adverse effects.

34
Q

What differentiates Labetalol and carvedilol from propranolol?

A

Labetalol and carvedilol are alpha and beta blockers and can be given orally and parenterally.

35
Q

What calcium channel blockers are used to treat hypertension?

A

Verpamil
Diltiazem
Nifedipine
dyhydropyridines

36
Q

Why are calcium channel blockers used to treat hypertension?

A

they relax vascular smooth muscle and reduce cardiac output. They can also be given orally.

37
Q

What is the mechanism of action for the calcium channel blockers?

A

They inhibit L-type calcium channels thus reducing contractility in smooth/cardiac muscle.

38
Q

What are the clinical applications for Verpamil and Diltiazem?

A

verpamil and diltiazem and used for

(1) hypertension
(2) angina
(3) arrythmias.

39
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with calcium channel blockers?

A

(1) Excessive cardiac depression

(2) Constipation

40
Q

What differentiates nifedipine and the dihydropyridines from verpamil and diltiazem?

A

Nifedipine and the dihydropyridines are more vasodilatory and less cardiosupressant.

41
Q

What are the older oral vasodilators?

A

Hydralazine

Minoxidil

42
Q

What is the MOA of hydralazine?

A

it causes the release of NO by endothelial cells causing arteriolar dilation

43
Q

What are the clinical applications of Hydralazine?

A

(1) Hypertension

(2) heart failure

44
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with hydralazine?

A

(1) Tachycardia
(2) salt/water retention
(3) lupus like syndrome

45
Q

What is the MOA for Minoxidil?

A

Minoxidil is a prodrug sulfate metabolite that opens K+ channels and causes arteriolar smooth muscle hyperpolarization and vasodilation

46
Q

What are the clinical applications for minoxidlil?

A

(1) severe hypertension

(2) male pattern baldness

47
Q

What adverse effects are associated with minoxidil?

A

(1) marked tachycardia
(2) salt and water retention
(3) hirsutism.

48
Q

Which parenteral vasodilators are used to treat hypertension?

A

(1) Nitroprusside
(2) Diazoxide
(3) Fenoldopam

49
Q

What is the MOA of Nitroprusside?

A

It releases NO from the drug molecule

50
Q

What are the clinical applications for Nitroprusside?

A

(1) Hypertensive emergencies

(2) cardiac decompensation

51
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with Nitroprusside?

A

(1) excessive hypotension

(2) Prolonged infusion may cause thiocyanate or cyanide toxicity.

52
Q

What is the MOA for Diazoxide?

A

Diazoxide opens K+ channels in smooth muscle and secretory cells.

53
Q

What are the clinical applications for Diazoxide?

A

(1) hypertensive emergencies

(2) Hypoglycemia due to insulin secreting tumors.

54
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with Diazoxide?

A

(1) hyperglycemia
(2) Edema
(3) Excessive hypotension.

55
Q

What is the mechanism of action for fenoldopam?

A

Fenoldopam is a D1 agonist that causes arteriolar dilation

56
Q

What are the clinical uses for fenoldopam?

A

Hypertensive emergencies.

57
Q

What adverse effects are associated with Fenoldopam?

A

Excessive hypotension

58
Q

Which drug functions as a Renin antagonist?

A

Aliskiren

59
Q

What is the MOA of Aliskiren?

A

It is a renin inhibitor that reduces angiotensin I synthesis.

60
Q

What is the clinical application for aliskiren?

A

It is used for hypertension

61
Q

What adverse effects are associated with aliskiren?

A

(1) Angioedema
(2) Renal impairment
(3) headache
(4) diarrhea

62
Q

To what class of drugs do Captopril, benzapril, enalapril, and lisinopril belong to?

A

They are all ACE inhibitors

63
Q

What is the MOA of ACE inhibitors?

A

ACE inhibitors prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme.

64
Q

What are the clinical applications for ACE inhibitors?

A

(1) hypertension
(2) diabetic renal failure
(3) heart failure

65
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with ACE inhibitors?

A

Hyperkalemia, teratogen, cough

Cough
Angioedema
contraindicated in Pregnancy
metalic Taste
hypOtension
Potassium elevation
Rash
Increased renin
Lower angiogensin II and aldosterone
66
Q

What differentiates Captopril from the other ACE inhibitors?

A

Captopril has a shorter half life.

67
Q

To what class of drugs do Losartan, Candesartan, and irbesartan belong to?

A

They are angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

68
Q

What is the MOA of ARBs?

A

They block angiotensin receptors thus preventing angiotensin mediated vasoconstriction and fluid retention.

69
Q

What are the clinical uses for ARBs?

A

They are used for hypertension.

70
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with ARBs?

A

(1) hyperkalemia

(2) teratogen

71
Q

What are the five components to the stepped care of hypertension?

A

Used in more severe hypertension

(1) lifestyle changes
(2) diuretics
(3) sympathoplegics (beta blockers)
(4) ACE inhibitors
(5) Vasodilators (calcium channel blockers)

72
Q

What drugs are more likely to be effective in treating hypertension in older patients?

A

Older patients respond better to diuretics and beta blockers than to ACE inhibitors

73
Q

What drugs are more likely to be effective in the treatment of african americans with hypertension?

A

African americans are more likely to respond to diuretics and calcium channel blockers than to ACE inhibitors

Cardiovascular module (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions