Pharmacology II Flashcards
1
Q
Alpha Blockers
[side effects]
A
miosis
nasal stuffiness
dry skin
2
Q
non-selective alpha antagonist
[treatment]
A
pheochromocytoma
3
Q
non-selective alpha antagonist
[examples]
A
phenoxybenzamine
phentolamine
4
Q
Phenoxybenzamine
A
non-competitive
irreversible (alkylation)
long-acting
5
Q
Phentolamine
A
competitive
reversible
short-acting
6
Q
alpha-1 antagonist
[examples]
A
prazosin
terazosin
tamsulosin
7
Q
Prazosin
A
(minipress)
oral PO taken at home
- treatment for hypertension, CHF, angina, and Raynauds
8
Q
Terazosin
A
(Hytrin)
less tachy and longer acting than Prazosin
- treats BPH
9
Q
Beta blockers
[caution use in these patients]
A
asthmatics
diabetics
high cholesterol
10
Q
Beta-1
[effects]
A
cardiac inotropy and chronotropy
renin release
11
Q
Beta-2
[effects]
A
bronchial smooth msucle
uterine relaxation
lipolysis
insulin release
12
Q
Beta-3
[targets]
A
gallbladder
brain
brown adipose
13
Q
Treatment for beta-blocker toxicity
A
atropine
isoproterenol or dobutamine
glucagon
14
Q
non-selective Beta antagonists
[examples]
A
propranolol
timolol
15
Q
Propranolol
A
first beta blocker
highly protein bound
blocks clearance of amide LAs
16
Q
Timolol
[treatment]
A
glaucoma
17
Q
non-selective beta and alpha antagonist
[examples]
A
labetalol and carvedilol
18
Q
Carvedilol
[treatment]
A
hypertension
congestive heart failure
19
Q
labetalol
[preference for Beta]
A
7:1
20
Q
Beta-1 antagonist
[examples]
A
esmolol
bisproprolol
metoprolol
atenolol
21
Q
Most selective Beta-1 antagonist
A
atenolol
for patietns with CAD and MI risk
22
Q
esmolol
[metabolism]
A
plasma esterase
23
Q
a.k.a. unstable angina
A
prinzmetal
24
Q
Alpha-2 agonists
[examples]
A
clonidine
dexmedetomidine
25
Clonidine
partial alpha-2 agonist
* long-acting
* decreases SNS outflow
* decreases MAC by 50%
* rebound HTN if stopped
26
Dexmedetomidine
full alpha-2 agonist
* short-acting
* decreases MAC by 90%
27
ACE inhibitors
* hypertension, CHF, and mitral regurge
* safer for diabetics
* K+ sparing
* inhibits breakdown of bradykinin **(cough)**
28
ARBs
-sartan
* AT-1 receptor only
* _safest_ for diabetics
* unopposed AT-2 vasodilation effects
29
sodium nitroprusside
[side effects]
coronary steal
reflex-tachy
cyanide toxicity
30
Sodium Nitroprusside
venous and arterial relaxation
31
Nitroglycerine
venous dilation
* may cause MetHb
32
Hydralazine
direct arterial vasodilator
* decreases diastolic more than systolic
* arteriole dilation through decreasing Ca2+
* reflex tachy
33
Class 1A antiarrhythmics
**sodium channel blockers**
slows conduction/depolarization
lengthens AP and refractory period
34
Class 1A
[examples]
quinidine
procainamide
35
Quinidine
SVTs, PVCs, a-fib, and WPW
* small therapeutic window
36
Procainamide
V-tach and PVCs
**(not SVT)**
* NAPA metabolite causing Lupus-like effects
37
which anti-arrhythmic group has a risk of QT prolongation and torsades?
Class 1A
38
Class 1B Anti-arrhythmic
sodium channel blockers
less powerful with no Torsades risk
39
Class 1B Anti-arrhythmic
[examples]
lidocaine
phenytoin
40
Lidocaine
[Anti-arrhythmic]
re-entry mechanisms (v-tach and PVCs)
41
Phenytoin
(dilantin)
* for digitalis toxicity
* shortens QT
42
Class 2 Anti-arrhythmic
beta **blockers**
slows AV node and phase 4 depolarization
43
Class 2 Anti-arrhythmic
[examples]
esmolol and propranolol
44
Class 3 Anti-arrhythmic
**Potassium channel blocker**
prolongs repolarization and refractory period
45
Class 3 Anti-arrhythmic
[example]
amiodarone
46
Amiodarone
properties of all 4 classes of anti-arrhythmic
* only drug that prevents arrhythmias
47
Class 4 Anti-arrhythmic
calcium channel blockers
48
Class 4 Anti-arrhythmic
[examples]
diltiazem
verapamil
Nifedipine, nicardipine, and nimodipine
49
Diltiazem
AV node selective
also acts on Na/K pump
50
Verapamil
good for SVT and angina pectoris
* can trigger WPW
* AV node selective
51
Nifedipine
feeds coronary arteries
coronary artery vasospasm
52
Nicardipine
most cardiovascular vasodilation
tocolytic and uterine vasodilator
53
Nimodipine
best for cerebral vasospasms
CNS vessel dilation
54
Digoxin
slows conduction
treatment for A-fib
55
Adenosine
increases K+ currents and shortens AP
56
local anesthetic
[potency determinant]
lipid solubility
57
local anesthetic
[onset determinant]
pka concentration
hydrophobicity
58
local anesthetic
[absorption toxicity risk]
IV
tracheal
intercostal
caudal
epidural
branchial pleuxs
subarachnoid
sciatic
SQ
59
Epi decreases systemic absorption of LA by \_\_\_\_\_\_
20 - 30%
60
which two LAs can cause MetHb
benzocaine
prilocaine
61
BUN may be increased by ___ LA
ester
62
EMLA
lidocaine and prilocaine
63
Bezold-Jerish Reflex
SNS depression
brady (T1-T4)
hypotension
64
Extrinsic factors
tissue factor
VII
65
Intrinsic factors
VIII, IX, and XI
66
Heparin
binds anti-thrombin
* monitor aPTT and ACT
67
HIT
[treatment]
argatroban
or
lepirudin
68
Lovenox
low molecular weight heparin
* Anti-xa
69
Coumadin
* PT and INR
* reversed with Vitamin K and FFP
70
Protamine
alkaline
reverses Heparin
71
Thrombolytic drug
[examples]
streptokinase
alteplase
72
Antifibrinolytic
[examples]
aminocaproic acid
tranexamic acid
73
platelet inhibitors
aspirin
clopidogrel
prasugrel
ticagrelor
Abciximab
74
Thienopyridines
inihibit platelet activation
* clopidogrel
* prasugrel
* ticagrelor
75
Abciximab
IIb/IIIa inhibitor
76
Factor Xa inhibitor
[examples]
fondaparinux
xarelto
77
Glycopeptide
vancomycin
78
Aminoglyocside
[example]
gentamicin
79
Lincosamides
[example]
clindamycin
80
A1C
blood sugar for 3 month period
* normal 7% or 154 mg/dL
81
only insulin that can be given IV
humulin
can be absorbed in to tubing
82
HumaLog
(LisPro)
faster onset and peak time
83
Intermediate-acting Insulin
NPH
Neutral Protamine Hagedorn
84
Long-acting insluin
lantus
| (glargine insulin)
85
Sulfonylureas
stiulate insuline release and sensitivity
* glipizide
* tolbutamide
86
Repaglinide
fast-acting
| (meglinitides)
87
Biguanidies
blocks glucose production in liver
, glucose uptake, and sensitivity to insulin
* Hypoglycemia **not** a risk
* Example: Metformin
88
Thiazolidinediones
increases insulin sensitivity only
* Avandia and actos
* hypoglycemia not a risk
89
a-Glucosidase Inhibitors
slows carb digestion and absorption
* acarbose
* migitol
* not at risk for hypoglycemia
90
Somatostatin
[example]
octreotide
91
Octreotide
suppresses carcinoid tumor growth
92
Posterior pituitary hormones
vasopressin and oxytocin
93
H-1 Antagonist
[examples]
diphenhydramine
promethazine (phenergan)
loratadine (claritin)
acrivastine (semprex)
azelastine (astepro)
94
1st generation H-1 antagonists
sedation and anti-emetic
Diphenydramine and Promethazine
95
H-2 Antagonists
selective and reversible
* Rantidine, famotidine, and Nizatidine
96
Drugs that induce histamine release
morphine
atracurium
mivacurium
protamine
97
H+ pump inhibitors
-prazoles
| (prilosec, nexium, and prevacid)
98
Metoclopromide
5-HT4 rececptor
PONV decreased for 24 hours
crosses BBB
99
TACO
transfusion-associated circulatory overload
100
shelf life of whole blood
35 days
101
components in cryoprecipitate
fibrinogen
VII
XII
vWF
102
DDAVP
synthetic vasopressin
stiulates release of vWF and VIII
103
Aprotinin
serine protease inhibitor
| (protein C)
104
