Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Pharmacology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How is Acetylcholine made

A

made from using acetyl-CoA using enzyme Choline O-acetyltransferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does the synthesis of ACh occur

A

in nerve fiber of the mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does Ach make is to the neuronal terminal

A

by a choline transporter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is the Ach stored?

A

as packages of quanta in vesicles on the surface of nerve terminal facing the synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is Ach released?

A

an action potential is generated in the nerve. An influx of Ca+ interacts with the vesicle membrane triggering fusion to the terminal membrane. A pore then opens into the synapse and subsequent release of quanta into the synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three ways thats adrenergic action can be terminated

A
  1. NE metabolized by catalytic enzymes (MAO)
  2. Diffusion away from receptor site (then metabolized)
  3. Re-uptake into terminal by norepinephrine transporter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are receptors?

A

they are structures made out of protein that are designed to bind endogenous molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the two types of cholingergic receptors?

A

muscarinic and nicotinic receotors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the types of andrenergic receptors?

A

a1,a1, b1,b2 and dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what part of the nervous system is often reffered to as trophotric

A

parasympathetic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

rest and digest, conserves and stores energy, stimulates digestive activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight, means leading to energy expenditure

stimulates heart, increase blood sugar, mediated vasoconstriction of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the cardiovascular effects of parasympathetic nervous system

A

decrease heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the cardiovascular effects of sympathetic nervous system

A

alters peripheral vascular resistance to manage BP, Heart rate, venous tone, renin production to manage renal blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the alpha 2 receptors.

A

present on noradrenergic nerve terminals.
activated by binding of NE released from nerves.
binding results in reduced release of more NE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is an autoreceptor

A

is a receptor that responds to NE released from the same neuron that acts as an inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of Beta receptors

A

present on some neurons

Facilitate the release of more NE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a heteroreceptor

A

responds to neurotransmitters from other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms for postsynaptic regulation

A

up or down regulate receptors

action of one receptor is affected by the action of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the two key actions of Ach at the muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic NS

A
  1. nerves in parasympathetic NS release ACh that activates muscarinic receptors on target organs. This alters organ function by creating a positive stimulus
  2. ACh is released from nerves of parasympathetic NS bind to receptors on nerve terminals to inhibit release of other neurotransmitters creates a negative stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the role of nicotinic receptors in autonomic NS

A

located at ganglionic level of both parasympathetic and sympathetic
Both bind ACh released from pre-ganglionic neurons and pass message on to pos-ganglionic neurons.
No ability inhibitory capabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the role of ACh at Nicotinic receptors in the Somatic NS

A

Found at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle.
Binding of ACh or an agonist causes depolarization of nerve cell causing contraction.
prolonged binding to the receptor causes postganglionic neuron to stop firing prevent further depolarization causing muscle paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a cholinomimetic

A

it is a nonacetylcholine compound that mimics the action of ACh

24
Q

What are the 2 ways that a cholinomimetic agent acts

A

They can act as direct agonist and bind to ACh receptors.
They can act as indirect agonist.
By inhibiting ACh hydrolysis preventing its break down

25
Q

Muscarine and nicotine are examples of what types of compounds

A

cholingergic compounds
They are alkaloids derived from plants.
They produce actions that mimic those seen when ACh binds to muscarinic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system

26
Q

What are the 5 types of muscarinic receptors

A

M1-M5
M1,M3,M5 cause cellular excitation
M2,M4 inhibit cellular excitability

27
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors mainly found

A

on autonomic effector organs

heart, smooth muscle, brain, exocrine glands

28
Q

What are the two types of nicotinic receptors

A

Nm which are located at the neuromuscular junction
Nn which are located anywhere else
CNS,Adrenal medulla, autonomic ganglia

29
Q

what are the 2 groups of direct acting cholinomimetics

A

esters of choline and alkaloids

30
Q

what are choline esters

A

quarternary ammoniums that are insoluble in lipids but water soluble

31
Q

What are the characteristics of quarternary ammoniums

A

hydrophilic- poorly penetrate CNS
Hydrolyzed by AChE
Variations in chemical structure alter characteristics

32
Q

what type of amine are cholinomimetic alkaloids

A 
tertiary amines
examples:
pilocarpine
nicotine
lobeline
33
Q

what are characteristics of cholinomimetic alkaloids

A

well absorbed after oral administration
lipid solubility allows for a larger volume of distribution
not susceptible to AChE

34
Q

how do indirect cholinomimetics act

A

they inhibit AChE

35
Q

what are the 3 types of AChE inhibitors

A

Simple alcohols with quarternary ammonium- edrophonium
Carbamate esters of alcohols with quarternanry or tertiary ammonium
organophosphates

36
Q

what is the order of binding between AChE inhibitors for simple alcohols, carbamates esters, and organophosphates

A

simple alchohols> carbamate esters> organophosphates

37
Q

what are the effects of cholinomimetics on the eye

A

the eye is sensitive to muscarinic agonists and AChE inhibitors
The end result causes contraction of the iris sphincter smooth muscle resulting in miosis.
these facilitate flow of aqueous humor out of anterior chamber and alter amount and focus of light reaching retina

38
Q

what are some clinical uses of cholinomimetics

A

glaucoma
muscarinic agonists and AChE inhibitors reduce intra-ocular pressure in narrow and wide angle glaucoma.
Drugs: pilocarpine and physostigmine

39
Q

what are the effects of cholinomimetics on respiratory system

A

cause contaction of smooth muscle in bronchial tree (restricts air flow)
also stimulates secretions from tracheobroncial mucosa

40
Q

What are the effects of cholinomimetics on the GI tract

A

increase secretory and motor activity in the gut.
stimulates salivary and gastric glands, pancreas and small intestine,
increases peristalsis
relaxes most GI sphincters allowing GI contents to pass along tract

41
Q

What are the effects of cholinomimetics on the GU tract

A

triggers voiding of bladder.

stimulates detrusor muscle and relax the trigone and sphincter muscles of bladder

42
Q

what are the clinical applications of Cholinomimetics in GU disorders

A

corrects depressed smooth muscle activity

treats urinary retention

43
Q

what are the effects of direct cholinomimetics on the CV system

A

reduce peripheral vascular resistance
decreases heart rate
not used much because there are better medicines out there

44
Q

what are the effects of indirect cholinomimetics on the CV system

A

cause negative chronotropic- bradycardia
causes negative inotropic- drop in cardiac output
causes modest drop in blood pressure

45
Q

what are the effects of direct cholinomimetics on the CNS

A 
nicotinic receptors have been found to:
induce tremors
stimulate emesis
stimulate respiratory center
muscarinic receptors have been found to:
induce tremor
cause hypothermia
interfere with nociception
46
Q

what are the effects of indirect cholinomimetics on the CNS

A

low conc. little effect

high concentrations cause convulsions, coma, respiratory arrest

47
Q

what are some uses of cholinomimetics for CNS conditions

A

Alzheimer’s disease-result from deficiency of cholinergic neurons in CNS
Smoking cessation- decreases cravings and pleasurable effects of cigarettes

48
Q

how does ACh exert its affect at the neuromuscular junction

A

ACh is released from presynaptic neurons, ACh binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on the muscle fiber, this results in depolarization of muscle fiber that leads to skeletal muscle contraction

49
Q

what happens at the neuromuscular junction when low doses of AChe are used

A

they prolong the effects of ACh and increase the strength of muscle contraction

50
Q

what happens at the neuromuscular junction when medium doses of AChe are used

A

may cause muscle to fibrillate making the muscles less effective

51
Q

what happens at the neuromuscular junction when high doses of AChe are used

A

blocks muscle depolarization which leads to paralysis

52
Q

at what does is nicotine toxic

A

fatal at doese >40mg (1 drop of pure nicotine liquid)
2 cigarettes contain about 40mg, but most of it is burned off in smoke
if ingested by infants can cause vomiting

53
Q

what are some symptoms of someone who has muscarinic excess

A

miosis, salivation, sweating, bronchial constriction, diaphragm paralysis, vomiting, diarrhea

54
Q

how do you treat someone who is exposed to pesticides or organophosphates

A

monitor VS, decontaminate if possible, antidote with parenteral atropine or pralidoxime (2-pam)

55
Q

how does 2-pam work in a person who has pesticide exposure

A

2-pam reactivates inhibited AChE before the full covalent bond form through aging

Pharmacology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions