Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Pharmacology Exam 1 Part 1 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Exam 1 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Nursing Process & Medication Administration?

A

The Nursing Process & Medication Administration involves Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation.

Assessment: Collect data on patient’s health status, history of allergies, medications, and baseline vitals. Diagnosis: Identify patient needs or risks related to medication (e.g., pain, fluid imbalance). Planning: Plan medication administration, considering timing, route, and dosage. Implementation: Administer medications safely, considering the 6 rights of medication administration. Evaluation: Assess patient response to medication, adverse effects, and the need for adjustments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The difference between medical and nursing diagnosis?

A

Medical diagnosis- focuses on a patient’s disease or illness
Nursing diagnosis- focuses on a patient’s response to health issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until a parent drug and all metabolites have left the body. How does the drug move and distribute throughout the body?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phases of Pharmacokinetics

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream for distribution of the tissues. Factors: route, drug form, food, pH levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bioavailability

A

the fraction absorbed into the systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

First Pass Effect

A

The process by which the liver metabolizes a drug before it reaches systemic circulation, reducing its effectiveness. This primarily affects oral medications.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Absorption Rates by Route

A

PO (oral): Slow absorption due to the digestive process.
IV (intravenous): Fastest absorption, directly into the bloodstream.
SQ (subcutaneous): Moderate, slower than IV, absorbed into the bloodstream through the skin.
IM (intramuscular): Faster than SQ due to better blood supply in muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Routes of Administration:

A

Enteral- drug is absorbed from the oral or gastric mucosa of the small intestine and transported to the liver where it is metabolized by hepatic enzymes, then passed into the general circulation.
Oral
Sublingual
Buccal- cheek
Rectal- can also be topical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Parenteral Route:

A

Fastest route a drug can be absorbed
Intravenous(IV)
Subcutaneous(SQ, SubQ)
Intraarterial
Intrathecal(spinal fluid)
Intramuscular(IM)
Intradermal(TB skin test)
Intraarcticular(joint injection) - steroid mixed to reduce inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Parenteral Route:

A

Fastest route a drug can be absorbed
Intravenous(IV)
Subcutaneous(SQ, SubQ)
Intraarterial
Intrathecal(spinal fluid)
Intramuscular(IM)
Intradermal(TB skin test)
Intraarcticular(joint injection) - steroid mixed to reduce inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Topical Route

A

Application of drugs to various body surfaces. Several different delivery systems:
- Ointments, creams, gels, drops and suspensions, sprays, rings, suppositories(helps with hemorrhoids and with using th bathroom), patches, inhaled.
to reduce inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can affect protein binding?

A

Amount of Albumin in blood
- Decreased amount due? Malnutrition
- Competition of drugs for protein binging sites. The ones that has the bigger buck wins the competition.
- The winner has less free drug, the loser has more free drug. Causes a drug-drug interaction. So, one drug increases or decreases the actions of another drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Distribution

A

How the drug is transported to target tissues. Factors: blood flow, protein binding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Volume of Distribution Principle

A

Used to describe various areas in which drugs may be distributed-i.e. Body water, body fat, body tissues, and organs(also called compartments).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hydrophilic

A

water soluble-smaller = smaller volume of distribution which leads to high blood concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lipophilic

A

fat-soluble = larger volume of distribution and low blood concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The blood-brain barrier(bbb)

A

a protective mechanism. Hard to distribute a drug to the brain. Need to formulate the medication in such a way as it can pass through the BBB.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Metabolism

A

The breakdown of drugs, mainly in the liver. Also reffered to as biotransformation, involves the biochemical alteration of a drug into: an active metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more patent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite. Factors: liver function, age, genetics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the liver do in metabolism?

A

The liver is the major player of metabolism. Involves enzymes which control a variety of reactions that aide in the metabolism of medications. The P-450s!!
Why is it important? Some drugs increase or decrease the activity of these enzymes which results in higher or lower levels of drugs anticipated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of drugs from the body, All drugs, whether parent compounds, active or inactive metabolites, eventually have to go!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Main ways drugs leave the body

A

Kidneys- glomerular filtration, active tubular reabsorption, active tubular secretion.

Liver and bowel- Biliary excretion, drugs taken up by the liver, released into the bile, and eliminated in feces. Factors: renal function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Half-Life

A

Definition: The time it takes for the concentration of a drug to reduce by half in the body. Drugs with long half-lives stay in the system longer and require less frequent dosing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Steady state

A

refers to the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose. Drugs with longer half lives may take longer to reach steady state.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Drug effects: Descriptors

A

Onset of action- time required for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response
Peak effect- the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response
Duration of action- the length of time that the drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response.

26
Q

Drug Formulation & Absorption

A

Liquids vs. Tablets: Liquids absorb faster than tablets because they don’t need to be broken down. Coated tablets or extended-release forms may delay absorption.

27
Q

Peak & Trough Levels

A

Peak: The highest concentration of a drug in the bloodstream. Nurse’s role: draw blood at the right time. -

Trough: The lowest concentration before the next dose. Nurse’s role: draw blood just before the next dose. Usually 1 hour before.

28
Q

What happens if the peak level is too high?

A

Then a drug toxicity may occur

29
Q

What happens if the trough level is too low?

A

Then the drug may not be at therapeutic level to produce a response

30
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The study of what the drug does to the body
Therapeutic effect
Mechanism of action
- Drug receptor relationships(drug may have higher affinity)
- Enzymes
- Nonselective interactions
Goal is a therapeutic effect where the drug causes a positive change in a faulty physiologic system.

31
Q

Mechanism of action

A

The effects of a drug on the action or function of the cell tissue. Can increase or decrease the rate of cell function; or strengthen cell function

32
Q

Contraindications

A

Medication that may be dangerous for the patient

33
Q

Acute and maintenance

A

Acute: Short term
Maintenance: long term

34
Q

Supplemental

A

Vitamins

35
Q

Palliative

A

Terminal end-stage disease

36
Q

Supportive

A

Drugs absorbed within the body

37
Q

Prophylactic

A

Before surgery

38
Q

Empiric

A

To cancel out a lot of organisms

39
Q

What are you monitoring when giving medication?

A
  • Expected therapeutic effect (BP come down with BP meds)

-Toxic effects (low blood count after chemotherapy)

  • Patient’s condition
  • Drug interactions: additive effects, synergistic effects, antagonistic effects, incompatibility
  • Adverse drug reactions: allergy, SE
  • Medication error
40
Q

Additive effects

A

When two similar drugs are taken together to achieve the same degree of therapeutic effect.

41
Q

Synergistic effects

A

When two or more drugs are combined the effect is greater than the sum of the effects seen when each drug is given alone

42
Q

Antagonistic effects

A

When the combined effects of two or more chemicals and substances is less than the sum of their individual effects

43
Q

Incompatibility

A

When two or more drugs are mixed together and their structure or stability is altered, making the solution unsafe or no longer optimal for the patient.

44
Q

Other monitoring issues

A

Teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects

45
Q

Teratogenic effects

A

Cross placenta and cause harm to fetus (Accutane DES). Drugs graded for safety in pregnancy.

46
Q

Mutagenic effects

A

Permanent change in the genetic composition or chromosome structure (radiation, viruses, chemicals)

47
Q

Carcinogenic effects

A

Cancer-causing effects

48
Q

U.S. Drug Legislation

A

Harrison Narcotic Act 1914-legal team narcotic

Durham-Humphrey amendment 1951- legend dugs, or Rx drug labels

Controlled Sub. Act 1070- schedules

HIPPA 1996-PHI

Medicare Prescription Drug improvement and Modernization act 2003- Medicare part D

49
Q

FDA: Food and Drug Administration

A
  • Primary purpose is to protect patients and ensure drug effectiveness.
  • Approval process of new drugs
    • preclinical testing
    • clinical studies: involve informed consent
      • Phases I-IV
  • Investigational drug studies
  • Expedited drug approval
50
Q

U.S Drug Recall

A

This is a bad side effects!!

  • class I: most serious type of recall:thalidomide
  • Class II: less severe may result in temporary or medically reversible health effects (Vioxx)
  • Class III: use of drug not likely to result in any significant health problems, Contaminated precessing.
51
Q

Black Box Warning

A

A strict warning that indicates a serious adverse effect has been reported. can still be prescribed. I.E. SSRI in teens, tendon rupture with quinolones in elderly.

52
Q

Controlled Substance Categories

A

Schedule I: No medical use, high abuse potential (e.g., heroin).
Schedule II: High abuse potential, some medical use (e.g., morphine).
Schedule III-V: Decreasing potential for abuse.
C-I: only with approved protocol
C-II: written Rx only, no electronic Rx, no refills, 30 day supply. (Hydrocodone, morphine, Ritalin)
C-III: written or verbal Rx. No more than 6 months. Codeine mixed with Tylenol
C-IV: written or verbal Rx (Benzos, phenobarbital)
CV: written or OTC, usually cough meds. Or diarrhea meds. In some states pseudoephedrine

53
Q

Pregnancy Drug Safety Categories

A

Category A: Safe in human studies. No risk to human fetus.

Category B: Safe in animal studies, no human studies.

Category C: Risk cannot be ruled out. Adverse effects reported in the animal fetus; information for humans not available.

Category D: Evidence of possible risk to the fetus has been reported; however, in selected cases consideration of the potential benefit versus risk may warrant use of these drugs in pregnant women.

Category X: Contraindicated in pregnancy. Fetal abnormalities have been reported, and positive evidence of fetal risk in humans is available from animal and/or human studies. These drugs may not be used in pregnant women

54
Q

Drug therapy during pregnancy

A

Drugs cross the placenta be diffusion

Factors affecting safety:
- drug properties
- fetal gestational age
- maternal factors

55
Q

Drug therapy during breastfeeding

A

Breastfed infants are at risk for exposure to drugs consumed by the mother

56
Q

Polypharmacy

A

Definition: The concurrent use of multiple medications by a patient, often common in the elderly.

57
Q

Rights of Medication Administration

A

Right patient
Right drug
Right dose
Right route
Right time
Right documentation

Right reason
Right Assessment data
Right response
Right education
Right to refuse

58
Q

Complete Medication Order

A

Patient name, date, medication name, dose, route, time/frequency, provider’s signature.

59
Q

Patient Education Considerations

A

Consider age, education level, disabilities, language, cognitive function, and cultural factors.

60
Q

OTC Medication Precautions

A

Can interact with prescribed medications, may have hidden ingredients, and patients often overlook dosage instructions.

Pharmacology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions