Pharmacology-Exam 1 Flashcards by Lauren Tyler

Which cells are responsible for adaptive immunity?

B & T Cells (Lymphocytes)

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What is the MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)?

Cells are tagged with self-antigens.
*Example:Think of a brand/size tag on a sweater!

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What is the Inflammatory Response?

The local reaction of the body to invasion or injury.

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Difference between Local vs. Systemic?

Local-One area
Systemic-Entire body system

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What WBC are part of the antibody response?

B & T Cells

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What do Cytokines consist of?

-Interferons
-Interleukins
-TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)

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What are some examples of NSAIDs?

-Ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil)
-Naproxen (Naprosyn)
-Ketorolac (Toradol)
-Celecoxib (Celebrex)

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What is the Parenteral Route?

Any route of rx administration that bypasses the GI Tract (IM, IV, SubQ).

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What is Chrysotherapy?

Uses gold salts to treat diseases such as RA (Rheumatoid Arthritis).

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What is Gout?

Elevated uric acid & urate crystal deposits in kidneys and joints (most common: feet).

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What are two examples of TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) Blockers?

-Adalimumab (Humira)
-Etanercept (Enbrel)

*Both treat RA.

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What are Monoclonal Antibodies?

Synthetic (lab made) proteins that mimic antibodies.

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Which antibiotic should be taken on an empty stomach w/ 8 oz. of water?

Penicillin

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Which classification of antibiotics may cause sunlight sensitivity?

Tetracyclines
*Example: Doxycycline

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What are some examples of antibiotics that are safe for use by pregnant women?

-azithromycin
-penicillins
-clindamycin

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What antiviral treats Hepatitis B?

Brand: Hepsera
Generic Name: Adefovir

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Which rx is used to treat Oral Thrush?

Nystatin (oral rinse form).

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Which antimalarial is used as the first line of treatment?

Chloroquine (Aralen)

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What is the most common helminthic infection?

Pin Worms

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What is the most common anthelmintic agent used?

Ivermectin (Stromectol)
*Also used to treat Covid!

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What is Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)?

When too many cells are killed too fast.

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What are the adverse effects of Antineoplastic Agents?

-Bone Marrow Suppression
-Nausea/Vomiting
-G.I Toxicity
-TLS

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What is the goal of Antineoplastic Therapy?

To support the immune system.

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What is Clinical Pharmacology?

Drugs that treat, prevent & diagnose disease.

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What is MicroMedex?

Database that provides access to drug info, diseases and toxicology warnings.

What is an example of an inorganic compound?

Aluminum in antacids.

What is an example of a drug that comes from animal products?

Insulin-comes from the pancreas of pigs. Example: Heparin

When are drugs pulled from FDA clinical trials?

Anytime they have a low therapeutic effect.

Which drug category is safe for pregnancy? Which is unsafe?

Category A-Safe Category X-Completely Unsafe

What is off-label use of Medication?

Prescribing an Rx for a different purpose than what the FDA approved.

What is Endogenous?

Agonist (works INSIDE the body).

What is Exogenous?

Antagonist (works OUTSIDE the body).

What is the most common route for medication administration?

PO (oral/by mouth)

Which factors can adversely affect rx distribution?

-Poor Circulation -Low BP

What diagnosis requires a lower dose of Rx due to low protein?

Malnourishment

What is another term for metabolism?

Biotransformation

Which route does the GI tract absorb medication directly to the liver for metabolism?

PO (by mouth)

Which organ excretes drugs that have been made water soluble?

Kidneys

What are the routes of medication excretion?

*skin *saliva *lungs *bile *feces *urine

What is the term for drugs that reach reactive tissue before they reach the liver?

First-Pass Effect

Does the First-Pass Effect increase or decrease bioavailability?

Increase

What is the term for the amount of drug needed to cause a therapeutic effect?

Critical Concentration

What is the term for blood concentration at which a drug becomes toxic?

Therapeutic Index

What is an example of a treatment that requires a low therapeutic dose?

Anticoagulant Therapy

What is the term for the time it takes for a drug to decrease to one half of its peak level?

Half Life

True or False Kidney or Liver Dysfunction will slow an Rx half life.

True

Type A or Type B Adverse Effect Blood pressure med that causes BP reading that is too LOW

Type A

Type A or Type B Adverse Effect Pain med that causes a decreased respiratory rate (RR).

Type B

Type A or Type B Most skin allergies (rash & hives) are considered which?

Type B

Type A or Type B Benadryl causing drowsiness.

Type B

During what process should we always assess the ethicacy of interventions?

The Nursing Process

What is the syndrome that develops a potentially fatal fever while taking an Rx?

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

When is an anti-retroviral appropriate?

With an HIV diagnosis (dx). Example: Abacavir

Converting fat-soluble drugs into water-soluble forms is related to what function?

Metabolism

A nurse is caring for a client who has been dx with hypoalbuminemia. What will occur if a drug is administered that is highly protein bound?

Increased rate of distribution of the drug, leading to toxicity. Hint-*hypo (low) *albumin (protein that helps maintain fluid balance).

The client drinks 18 ounces of fluid at lunchtime. How many milliliters of intake should we document?

540 mls Rationale-30 mls=1oz. 30 x 18=540

Primary or Secondary Action Doxycycline is administered, which has known GI upset sx. The client reports abdominal discomfort soon after. Which type of adverse effect is this?

Secondary Action

Examples of Primary Actions of medications.

-Diuretic that causes dizziness. -Benzodiazepines causing sedation.

Order: 250mcg Digoxin solution orally Available: Digoxin 0.05mg/ml How many mL will the nurse administer?

5 mLs

A nurse is discharging a client with a prescription that reads "Warfarin 4mg PO daily DAW". What does the DAW indicate?

Dispense As Written *The pharmacy cannot dispense a generic equivalent.

Immunizations are examples of what type of immunity?

Artificial Active Immunity

Impaired hearing and tinnitus (ringing in the ears) are sx of toxicity of what OTC medication?

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)

Tacrolimus belongs to which classification of medications?

Conventional Anti-Rejection Agents

What is the term for chemical mediators found in most body tissues that participate in the inflammatory response?

Prostaglandins

An antitoxin is an example of what type of immunity?

Passive

Oprelvekin is a drug that stimulates the process of producing which blood cells?

Platelets

What OTC medication acts directly on thermoregulatory cells in the hypothalamus?

Acetaminophen