Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phys and Pharm > Pharmacology - Drugs - UC > Flashcards

Pharmacology - Drugs - UC Flashcards

1
Q

acetazolamide

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
A

APP
altitude sickness, glaucoma
Acetazolamide is an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase with weak diuretic activity. Acetazolamide also increases the excretion of bicarbonate and of cations, chiefly sodium and potassium, by inhibiting the reaction catalysed by carbonic anhydrase in the renal tubules, and so promotes an alkaline diuresis. Acetazolamide is the most frequently used drug for the prophylaxis of high-altitude disorders . It accelerates the process of acclimatisation, thus reducing the incidence of acute mountain sickness and associated symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting, and lethargy.
Common adverse effects of acetazolamide are malaise, fatigue, depression, excitement, headache, weight loss, and gastrointestinal disturbances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

acyclovir

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
A

pathology

treatment of viral infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

adrenaline

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
A

APP
Adrenaline is an endogenous substance that is produced in the adrenal medulla and has important physiological effects. It is also used pharmacologically as a direct-acting sympathomimetic. It is a potent agonist at both alpha and beta adrenoceptors, although the effect on beta adrenoceptors is more marked, particularly at lower doses.
The major effects of adrenaline are dose-related and include:

increased speed and force of cardiac contraction (with lower doses this causes increased systolic pressure yet reduced diastolic pressure since overall peripheral resistance is lowered, but with higher doses both systolic and diastolic pressure are increased as stimulation of peripheral alpha receptors increases peripheral resistance)

increased blood flow to skeletal muscle (reduced with higher doses); reduced blood flow in the kidneys, mucosa, and skin; little direct effect on cerebral blood flow

relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

hyperglycaemia and markedly increased oxygen consumption due to metabolic effects. Adrenaline has an important role in advanced cardiac life support and in anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock. Adrenaline has been used in the treatment of acute asthma but more selective drugs are available, and it has no role in the chronic management of asthma.

Adverse effects such as anxiety, dyspnoea, hyperglycaemia, restlessness, palpitations, tachycardia (sometimes with anginal pain), tremors, sweating, hypersalivation, weakness, dizziness, headache, and coldness of extremities may occur even with low doses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

amantidine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
A

APP and path
Amantadine is a weak dopamine agonist with some antimuscarinic activity; it is also an antagonist at N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Amantadine has mild antiparkinsonian activity and is used in the management of parkinsonism, mainly in early disease when symptoms are mild. It may improve bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor but tolerance can develop. Amantadine is also an antiviral that inhibits replication of influenza type A virus; it has very little or no activity against influenza type B virus. Amantadine has also been used in the management of herpes zoster.

Most adverse effects associated with amantadine therapy appear to be dose-related and relatively mild; some resemble those of antimuscarinic drugs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

aminophylline

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
A

xanthine
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDEI)
Short acting
Increases cAMP. Mimics B2 stimulation (GS coupled)
Stimulate breathing and help prevent CO2 retention which then leads to acidaemia.
Narrow therapeutic range and can cause insomnia and nervousness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

amitriptyline

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

amlodipine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

amoxicillin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

aspirin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

atenolol

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

atropine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

beclomethasone

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

anti inflammatory
glucocorticoids
act through lipocortin proteins to inhibit PLA2 , this decreases leukotriene production
they also decrease beta 2 desensitisation and studies show that there is a large decrease in the severity and the incidence of the attacks when taking this drug

this is lipid soluble drug, wide range of systemic side effects
immuno suppression
osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

bendroflumethiazide

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

benzylpenicillin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

bepivacaine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

buspirone

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

carbamazepine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

chloroquine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

chlorpheniramine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

chlorpromazine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ciprofloxacin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cisplatin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

clozapine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

codeine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cromoglycate

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

cyclopentolate

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

cyclophosphamide

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

dexamethasone

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

diazepam

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

digoxin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

doxazosin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

doxorubicin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

erythromycin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

flucloxacin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

fluoxetine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

furosemide

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

gentamicin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

aa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

glyceryl trinitrate

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

glycopyrrolate

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

general anaesthesia
intravenous
muscarinic anticholinergic - inhibits the cholinergic transmissions
antimuscarinic
diminishes the risk of vagal inhibition o the heart and to reduce salivary and brachial secretions
it is also given with or before cholinesterase inhibitors to prevent their muscarinic effect = to balance out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

haloperidol

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

heparin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

42
Q

ibuprofen

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

NSAID
general anaesthesia
primarily for fever and midl to moderate pain
works by inhibiting COX enzymes

43
Q

imatinib

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

44
Q

ipratropium

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

Muscarinic antagonists
Short acting
These act via the M3 antagonism to decrease PNS stimulation.
This causes the dilation.
Also decrease mucus and increase cardiac oxygen demand and decrease oxygen supply which can lead to acidaemia and hypoxia induced dysrhythmias.

45
Q

isoflurane

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A 
general anaesthetics
inhalation aesthetics
few adverse effects
widely used
used instead of halothane
irritant to respiratory tract
46
Q

L-Dopa

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

47
Q

lidocaine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

general anaesthesia
local anaesthetic
anti arrhythmic drug
class Ib
blocks sodium ion channels and decreases the rte of contraction of the heart
used to numb tissue in a specific area or to treat ventricular tachycardia
it is used as an adjuvant

48
Q

lithium

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

49
Q

losartan

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

50
Q

methotrexate

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

51
Q

morphine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

52
Q

NSAIDs

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

53
Q

naloxone

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

54
Q

neostigmine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

parasympathomimetics
reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
based on physostigmine
used to reverse the effects if non-depolarising muscle relaxants at the end of the operation
can also be used for urinary retention caused due to general anaesthesia and to cure curari form drug toxicity

55
Q

nicotine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

56
Q

nifedipine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

57
Q

ondansetron

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

58
Q

paracetamol

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

59
Q

penicillin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

60
Q

phenelzine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

61
Q

phenylephrine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

62
Q

phenytoin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

63
Q

prazosin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

64
Q

propofol

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A 
general anaesthesia
intravenous anaesthetic agent
potent
rapid onset
rapid metabolisation
very rapid recovery
useful in day case surgery
unwanted effects: cardiovascular and respiratory depression
65
Q

propanolol

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

66
Q

ramipril

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

67
Q

rifampicin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

68
Q

salbutamol

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

Beta2 agonists
Short acting
Sympathomimetic bronchodilators
Also inhibit mast cell de granulation and monocytes release of TNFalpha They also stimulate the mucocilliary escalator to remove more mucus.

They can have side effects like facial flushing, anxiety (which can cause an asthma attack) as well as tremor and tacycardia. These side effects are severe if present and thought to be due to B2 R polymorphisms.

69
Q

saquinavir

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

70
Q

sevofluorane

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A 
general anaesthetic
inhalation anaesthetic
similar to desflurane but not respiratory irritation
few reported side effects
theoretical risk to the renal system
71
Q

simvastatin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

72
Q

spironolactone

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

73
Q

streptokinase

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

74
Q

streptomycin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

75
Q

sumatriptan

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

76
Q

suxamethonium

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

77
Q

tamoxifen

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

78
Q

temazepam

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

general anaesthesia
anxiolytic
short acting 3hydroxy benzodiazepine
also an anticonvulsant and skeletal muscle relaxant
pre-operative anxiolytic
to calm the patient before surgery or procedure
it increase the effect of GABA receptors
causes sedation, motor impairment, anxiolysis, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxation

79
Q

tetracycline

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

80
Q

tramadol

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

81
Q

trastuzumab

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

82
Q

trimethoprim

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

83
Q

valproate

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

84
Q

vecuronium

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

85
Q

venlafaxine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

86
Q

vincristine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

87
Q

warfarin

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

88
Q

zidovudine

  • subject
  • drug class
  • main therapeutic actions
  • adverse affects
  • what is it used to treat
A

a

89
Q

Theophylline

A

xanthines
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDEI)
Longer acting
Increases cAMP. Mimics B2 stimulation (GS coupled)
Stimulate breathing and help prevent CO2 retention which then leads to acidaemia.
Narrow therapeutic range and can cause insomnia and nervousness.

90
Q

Salmeterol

A

Beta2 agonists
Longer acting
Sympathomimetic bronchodilators
Also inhibit mast cell de granulation and monocytes release of TNFalpha They also stimulate the mucocilliary escalator to remove more mucus.

They can have side effects like facial flushing, anxiety (which can cause an asthma attack) as well as tremor and tacycardia. These side effects are severe if present and thought to be due to B2 R polymorphisms.

91
Q

Tiotropium

A

Muscarinic antagonists
Longer acting
These act via the M3 antagonism to decrease PNS stimulation.
This causes the dilation.
Also decrease mucus and increase cardiac oxygen demand and decrease oxygen supply which can lead to acidaemia and hypoxia induced dysrhythmias.

92
Q

zafirlukast

A

cysteinyl Leukotriene receptor antagonist
these antagonise the action of leukotrienes so act in a similar way to the glucocorticoids such as beclomethasone but further drive the pathway and have fewer side effects as compared to the GCs
they are good at treating exercise and aspirin induced asthma and have mild bronchi dilatory effects

93
Q

omalizumab

A

anti IgE

94
Q

magnesium sulphate

A

used in asthma
membrane stabilising and so decreases the cytokine release
may also cause some bronchodilation

95
Q

sodium cromoglycate

A

used in intrinsic asthma
to decrease the neural excitation of the brainchild plexus
blocks Cl- which is unregulated in asthmatics

96
Q

omeprazole

A

protein pump inhibitor
prevent gastric reflux

when asleep this can be swallowed causing further damage and increase the sensitivity of the epithelium

used in asthma

97
Q

thiopental

A 
general anaesthesia
intravenous anaesthetic like propofol
barbiturate with high lipid solubility
reduces intracranial pressure
slowly metabolised
dast onset
cardiovascular and respiratory depression
can accumulate in the fat in the body so may cause a prolonged effect if given repeatedly
98
Q

ketamine

A

general anaesthetic
intravenous anaesthetic like propofol and thiopental
analogue of phenclidine
action different from other agents, probably related to NMDA type glutamate receptors
onset is slow
powerful analgesic and good amnesia
produces dissociative anaesthesia
can raise intracranial pressure
adverse effects can include psychotomimetic effect following recovery, post operative nausea, vomiting and salivation

99
Q

nitrous oxide

A 
inhalation anaesthetic
low potency
can be combined with other agents 
very high MAC
rapid induction and recovery
good analgesic properties
accumulates in gaseous cavities
100
Q

halothane

A 
general anaesthetic 
inhalation anaesthetic
little used nowadays
potent
non irritant
may cause hypotension and dysrhytmias
risk of liver damage
101
Q

granisetron

A 
serotonin 5HT3 receptor antagonist
antiemetic
ondansetron
management of nausea and vomiting
main effect is activity on the vagus which innervates the vomiting centre in the medulla = area postrema
used before and after surgery
102
Q

flumazenil

A

general anaesthesia

specific benzodiazepine

Phys and Pharm (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions