Pharmacology - Drugs - UC

Question 1

acetazolamide

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects

Answer 1

APP
altitude sickness, glaucoma
Acetazolamide is an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase with weak diuretic activity. Acetazolamide also increases the excretion of bicarbonate and of cations, chiefly sodium and potassium, by inhibiting the reaction catalysed by carbonic anhydrase in the renal tubules, and so promotes an alkaline diuresis. Acetazolamide is the most frequently used drug for the prophylaxis of high-altitude disorders . It accelerates the process of acclimatisation, thus reducing the incidence of acute mountain sickness and associated symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting, and lethargy.
Common adverse effects of acetazolamide are malaise, fatigue, depression, excitement, headache, weight loss, and gastrointestinal disturbances.

Question 2

acyclovir

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects

Answer 2

pathology

treatment of viral infections

Question 3

adrenaline

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects

Answer 3

APP
Adrenaline is an endogenous substance that is produced in the adrenal medulla and has important physiological effects. It is also used pharmacologically as a direct-acting sympathomimetic. It is a potent agonist at both alpha and beta adrenoceptors, although the effect on beta adrenoceptors is more marked, particularly at lower doses.
The major effects of adrenaline are dose-related and include:

increased speed and force of cardiac contraction (with lower doses this causes increased systolic pressure yet reduced diastolic pressure since overall peripheral resistance is lowered, but with higher doses both systolic and diastolic pressure are increased as stimulation of peripheral alpha receptors increases peripheral resistance)

increased blood flow to skeletal muscle (reduced with higher doses); reduced blood flow in the kidneys, mucosa, and skin; little direct effect on cerebral blood flow

relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

hyperglycaemia and markedly increased oxygen consumption due to metabolic effects. Adrenaline has an important role in advanced cardiac life support and in anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock. Adrenaline has been used in the treatment of acute asthma but more selective drugs are available, and it has no role in the chronic management of asthma.

Adverse effects such as anxiety, dyspnoea, hyperglycaemia, restlessness, palpitations, tachycardia (sometimes with anginal pain), tremors, sweating, hypersalivation, weakness, dizziness, headache, and coldness of extremities may occur even with low doses.

Question 4

amantidine

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects

Answer 4

APP and path
Amantadine is a weak dopamine agonist with some antimuscarinic activity; it is also an antagonist at N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Amantadine has mild antiparkinsonian activity and is used in the management of parkinsonism, mainly in early disease when symptoms are mild. It may improve bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor but tolerance can develop. Amantadine is also an antiviral that inhibits replication of influenza type A virus; it has very little or no activity against influenza type B virus. Amantadine has also been used in the management of herpes zoster.

Most adverse effects associated with amantadine therapy appear to be dose-related and relatively mild; some resemble those of antimuscarinic drugs.

Question 5

aminophylline

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects

Answer 5

xanthine
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDEI)
Short acting
Increases cAMP. Mimics B2 stimulation (GS coupled)
Stimulate breathing and help prevent CO2 retention which then leads to acidaemia.
Narrow therapeutic range and can cause insomnia and nervousness.

Question 6

amitriptyline

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 6

a

Question 7

amlodipine

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 7

a

Question 8

amoxicillin

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 8

a

Question 9

aspirin

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 9

a

Question 10

atenolol

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 10

a

Question 11

atropine

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 11

a

Question 12

beclomethasone

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 12

anti inflammatory
glucocorticoids
act through lipocortin proteins to inhibit PLA2 , this decreases leukotriene production
they also decrease beta 2 desensitisation and studies show that there is a large decrease in the severity and the incidence of the attacks when taking this drug

this is lipid soluble drug, wide range of systemic side effects
immuno suppression
osteoporosis

Question 13

bendroflumethiazide

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 13

a

Question 14

benzylpenicillin

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 14

a

Question 15

bepivacaine

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 15

a

Question 16

buspirone

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 16

a

Question 17

carbamazepine

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 17

a

Question 18

chloroquine

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 18

a

Question 19

chlorpheniramine

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 19

a

Question 20

chlorpromazine

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 20

a

Question 21

ciprofloxacin

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 21

a

Question 22

cisplatin

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 22

a

Question 23

clozapine

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 23

a

Question 24

codeine

• subject
• drug class
• main therapeutic actions
• adverse affects
• what is it used to treat

Answer 24

a

Question 25

cromoglycate - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 25

a

Question 26

cyclopentolate - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 26

a

Question 27

cyclophosphamide - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 27

a

Question 28

dexamethasone - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 28

a

Question 29

diazepam - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 29

a

Question 30

digoxin - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 30

a

Question 31

doxazosin - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 31

a

Question 32

doxorubicin - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 32

a

Question 33

erythromycin - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 33

a

Question 34

flucloxacin - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 34

a

Question 35

fluoxetine - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 35

a

Question 36

furosemide - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 36

a

Question 37

gentamicin - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 37

aa

Question 38

glyceryl trinitrate - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 38

a

Question 39

glycopyrrolate - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 39

general anaesthesia intravenous muscarinic anticholinergic - inhibits the cholinergic transmissions antimuscarinic diminishes the risk of vagal inhibition o the heart and to reduce salivary and brachial secretions it is also given with or before cholinesterase inhibitors to prevent their muscarinic effect = to balance out

Question 40

haloperidol - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 40

a

Question 41

heparin - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 41

a

Question 42

ibuprofen - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 42

NSAID general anaesthesia primarily for fever and midl to moderate pain works by inhibiting COX enzymes

Question 43

imatinib - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 43

a

Question 44

ipratropium - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 44

Muscarinic antagonists Short acting These act via the M3 antagonism to decrease PNS stimulation. This causes the dilation. Also decrease mucus and increase cardiac oxygen demand and decrease oxygen supply which can lead to acidaemia and hypoxia induced dysrhythmias.

Question 45

isoflurane - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 45

``` general anaesthetics inhalation aesthetics few adverse effects widely used used instead of halothane irritant to respiratory tract ```

Question 46

L-Dopa - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 46

a

Question 47

lidocaine - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 47

general anaesthesia local anaesthetic anti arrhythmic drug class Ib blocks sodium ion channels and decreases the rte of contraction of the heart used to numb tissue in a specific area or to treat ventricular tachycardia it is used as an adjuvant

Question 48

lithium - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 48

a

Question 49

losartan - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 49

a

Question 50

methotrexate - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 50

a

Question 51

morphine - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 51

a

Question 52

NSAIDs - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 52

a

Question 53

naloxone - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 53

a

Question 54

neostigmine - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 54

parasympathomimetics reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor based on physostigmine used to reverse the effects if non-depolarising muscle relaxants at the end of the operation can also be used for urinary retention caused due to general anaesthesia and to cure curari form drug toxicity

Question 55

nicotine - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 55

a

Question 56

nifedipine - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 56

a

Question 57

ondansetron - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 57

a

Question 58

paracetamol - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 58

a

Question 59

penicillin - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 59

a

Question 60

phenelzine - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 60

a

Question 61

phenylephrine - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 61

a

Question 62

phenytoin - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 62

a

Question 63

prazosin - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 63

a

Question 64

propofol - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 64

``` general anaesthesia intravenous anaesthetic agent potent rapid onset rapid metabolisation very rapid recovery useful in day case surgery unwanted effects: cardiovascular and respiratory depression ```

Question 65

propanolol - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 65

a

Question 66

ramipril - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 66

a

Question 67

rifampicin - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 67

a

Question 68

salbutamol - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 68

Beta2 agonists Short acting Sympathomimetic bronchodilators Also inhibit mast cell de granulation and monocytes release of TNFalpha They also stimulate the mucocilliary escalator to remove more mucus. They can have side effects like facial flushing, anxiety (which can cause an asthma attack) as well as tremor and tacycardia. These side effects are severe if present and thought to be due to B2 R polymorphisms.

Question 69

saquinavir - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 69

a

Question 70

sevofluorane - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 70

``` general anaesthetic inhalation anaesthetic similar to desflurane but not respiratory irritation few reported side effects theoretical risk to the renal system ```

Question 71

simvastatin - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 71

a

Question 72

spironolactone - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 72

a

Question 73

streptokinase - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 73

a

Question 74

streptomycin - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 74

a

Question 75

sumatriptan - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 75

a

Question 76

suxamethonium - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 76

a

Question 77

tamoxifen - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 77

a

Question 78

temazepam - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 78

general anaesthesia anxiolytic short acting 3hydroxy benzodiazepine also an anticonvulsant and skeletal muscle relaxant pre-operative anxiolytic to calm the patient before surgery or procedure it increase the effect of GABA receptors causes sedation, motor impairment, anxiolysis, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxation

Question 79

tetracycline - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 79

a

Question 80

tramadol - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 80

a

Question 81

trastuzumab - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 81

a

Question 82

trimethoprim - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 82

a

Question 83

valproate - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 83

a

Question 84

vecuronium - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 84

a

Question 85

venlafaxine - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 85

a

Question 86

vincristine - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 86

a

Question 87

warfarin - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 87

a

Question 88

zidovudine - subject - drug class - main therapeutic actions - adverse affects - what is it used to treat

Answer 88

a

Question 89

Theophylline

Answer 89

xanthines Phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDEI) Longer acting Increases cAMP. Mimics B2 stimulation (GS coupled) Stimulate breathing and help prevent CO2 retention which then leads to acidaemia. Narrow therapeutic range and can cause insomnia and nervousness.

Question 90

Salmeterol

Answer 90

Beta2 agonists Longer acting Sympathomimetic bronchodilators Also inhibit mast cell de granulation and monocytes release of TNFalpha They also stimulate the mucocilliary escalator to remove more mucus. They can have side effects like facial flushing, anxiety (which can cause an asthma attack) as well as tremor and tacycardia. These side effects are severe if present and thought to be due to B2 R polymorphisms.

Question 91

Tiotropium

Answer 91

Muscarinic antagonists Longer acting These act via the M3 antagonism to decrease PNS stimulation. This causes the dilation. Also decrease mucus and increase cardiac oxygen demand and decrease oxygen supply which can lead to acidaemia and hypoxia induced dysrhythmias.

Question 92

zafirlukast

Answer 92

cysteinyl Leukotriene receptor antagonist these antagonise the action of leukotrienes so act in a similar way to the glucocorticoids such as beclomethasone but further drive the pathway and have fewer side effects as compared to the GCs they are good at treating exercise and aspirin induced asthma and have mild bronchi dilatory effects

Question 93

omalizumab

Answer 93

anti IgE

Question 94

magnesium sulphate

Answer 94

used in asthma membrane stabilising and so decreases the cytokine release may also cause some bronchodilation

Question 95

sodium cromoglycate

Answer 95

used in intrinsic asthma to decrease the neural excitation of the brainchild plexus blocks Cl- which is unregulated in asthmatics

Question 96

omeprazole

Answer 96

protein pump inhibitor prevent gastric reflux when asleep this can be swallowed causing further damage and increase the sensitivity of the epithelium used in asthma

Question 97

thiopental

Answer 97

``` general anaesthesia intravenous anaesthetic like propofol barbiturate with high lipid solubility reduces intracranial pressure slowly metabolised dast onset cardiovascular and respiratory depression can accumulate in the fat in the body so may cause a prolonged effect if given repeatedly ```

Question 98

ketamine

Answer 98

general anaesthetic intravenous anaesthetic like propofol and thiopental analogue of phenclidine action different from other agents, probably related to NMDA type glutamate receptors onset is slow powerful analgesic and good amnesia produces dissociative anaesthesia can raise intracranial pressure adverse effects can include psychotomimetic effect following recovery, post operative nausea, vomiting and salivation

Question 99

nitrous oxide

Answer 99

``` inhalation anaesthetic low potency can be combined with other agents very high MAC rapid induction and recovery good analgesic properties accumulates in gaseous cavities ```

Question 100

halothane

Answer 100

``` general anaesthetic inhalation anaesthetic little used nowadays potent non irritant may cause hypotension and dysrhytmias risk of liver damage ```

Question 101

granisetron

Answer 101

``` serotonin 5HT3 receptor antagonist antiemetic ondansetron management of nausea and vomiting main effect is activity on the vagus which innervates the vomiting centre in the medulla = area postrema used before and after surgery ```

Question 102

flumazenil

Answer 102

general anaesthesia | specific benzodiazepine