Pharmacology ch. 1-16 review Flashcards by Mya ....

TRUE OR FALSE; an example of a palliative drug is estrogen

False a palliative drug helps relieve symptoms or make a patients comfortable for example a fever reducer is an example of a palliative drug.

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What is the source of barbiturates?

Synthetic

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Which of the following is a replacement drug

Synthroid

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What is the source of potassium chloride?

minerals

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What alternative medicine involves the use of hand movements to stimulate circulation and healing

therapeutic touch

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What obstacle was needed to be overcome to provide penicillin to soldiers during WWII

Production of penicillin in large amounts

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The ______________________ is responsible for protecting the public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, and medical devices;

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

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__________ enforces the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States

DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration)

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accredits and certifies more than 22,000 health care organizations and programs in the United States

Joint commission

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lets some substances, such as water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and general anesthetics, pass into the brain.

Blood- brain barrier

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regulate material transfer between the maternal and fetal circulation

Blood-placental barriers

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Schedule I drugs

No accepted medical use in the U.S

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________drugs Has a currently accepted medical use; may have severe restrictions

Schedule II

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The statute establishing federal U.S. drug policy under which the manufacture, importation, possession, use, and distribution of certain substances is regulated

Controlled substance ACT

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7 rights of drug administration

1.Right patient, 2.Right drug, 3. Right dose, 4. Right time, 5. Right route, 6.Right technique, 7. right documentation

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A prescription must contain

Date, Physician’s name, contact information, and DEA number, Patients name, address, and date of birth,Name of drug, dosage, and quantity dispensed, signature, subscription(refill)

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Drug label contains

Strength of drug dispensed, dosage form, amount of drug dispensed, Warning labels, The manufacturer, refill info, The prescribers name, and expiration date.

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What is the formula for a manual IV drip rate

V/T x D = R

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Apothecary

Druggist or pharmacist

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System of weighing or measuring articles in which 7,000 grains equal 1 pound.

Avoirdupois

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Household

Measuring system used by laypersons, NOT apothecaries, in their home

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measurement system based on grams for weight, liters for liquid, and meters for distance.

metric

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what are the metric system prefixes?

Deci-, centi-, Mili-, Micro-,Kilo-

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When medication is hung above another intravenous line and delivered before the line is allowed to drip in

piggybacking

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removing air from an intravenous line by allowing fluid to flow through it.

priming

in relation to intravenous (IV) therapy, opening an IV bag with a sharp device (Spike) to allow fluid to flow out of the bag.

Spiking

Any liquid substance (other than blood) introduced into the body for therapeutic purposes, such as by metered-dose bronchodilators in the treatment of asthma.

Infusion

IV push (IVP)

Inject quickly, not drip, a small amount of medication into an intravenous line.

Granules or coarse powders containing medicinal agents + tartaric acid or sodium bicarbonate

Effervescent salts

Sweetened, aromatic, hydroalcoholic liquid used when compounding oral medication

Elixirs

ETOH

ethyl alcohol

Mixtures of two liquids not mutually soluble

Emulsions

liquid and fine particles in water.

magma

powders

finely grounded medications

medications are evenly distributed (NO NEED TO SHAKE)

solutions

medications may not me evenly distributed (MUST SHAKE)

suspension

medications that are added to highly sweetened liquid

syrups

Butterfly needles use what size gauge

21-25

Angiocath needles (Straight needle) uses what size gauge?

14-22

What would an intradermal injection be used for?

TB and allergy testing

What are the sites of intradermal injections?

inner forearm, or upper back

What is the insertion angle for intradermal injections

10-15 degrees (Do not aspirate for blood)

are injected into the muscle, has quick absorption into blood stream.

Intramuscular injections

What are intramuscular injections used for

Antibiotics, pain medications, immunizations.

What size is the needle for intramuscular injections

1-2 inches in length and 20-23 in gauge

what is the angle insertion for IM injections

90 degree angle

IM infection sites

Deltoid, ventrogluteal, Vastus, Lateralis

_______ is the method of IM injections used when medication is irritating the skin, The medication main stain the skin.

Z-track.

Subcutaneous injections

Medications placed in FAT layer under the skin. medications are absorbed more slowly than IM.

What are SC injections used to administer?

Heparin and insulin.

What are the SC injection sites?

Fleshy parts of the upper arm , abdomen and thigh.

why is it important to rotate sites (pertaining to SC injections)

It prevents accumulation of medication in one area.

What is the SC needle size and what is the insertion angle.

25-27 gauge, 3/8- 5/8 inches long; 45 degree angle

Integumentary Structure

Hair, skin, and nails.

What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

The sympathetic nervous system controls the flight or fight response, while the parasympathetic helps the body to rest and relax.

What is another term for Sympathomimetics?

Adrenergic agonist

What is the difference between Sympathomimetics and Parasympathomimetics?

Sympathomimetics are used when the body needs to be excited; while parasympathomimetics relaxes the fight or flight mechanism.

What foods can should be avoided when taking MAOI?

Foods high in tyramine.(aged cheese, aged meats, and fermented foods)

Increase tear production.

Immunodulators

Used to diagnose corneal defects caused by infection or injury (used to find foreign objects ie, stains objects green)

Staining agents

Relax ciliary muscle and dilate pupils for internal eye examination.

Cycloplegic mydratics.

Used to remove foreign objects, blink reflex impaired.

Ophthalmic anesthetic agents

Sclera

Hard layer protecting the outer eye

Regulates light entering eye

Iris

Black hole in iris through which light passes

pupil

Watery fluid in anterior chamber of eye

Aqueous humor

Clear structure covering iris, pupil, and anterior chamber.

Cornea

Thick fluid in posterior chamber

Vitreous humor

Light sensitive tissue at back of eye

Retina

Rods

Black and white vision

Cones

Color vision

sends inverted images to brain for interpretation

optic nerve

used to measure pressure in eye IOP (increased intraocular pressure) leads to blindness

Tonometer

Actions of insulin

Decreases blood glucose

CNS

Central nervous system; contains the brain and spinal cord

PNS

peripheral nervous system; contains autonomic nervous system (Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system)

Alignments that originate in the brain

Cerebral palsy. stroke, and multiple sclerosis

Alignment that originate in the muscle tissue

Muscle injuries, Muscular dystrophy

Muscular symptoms

Muscle spasms and dystonia(abnormal tension)

treatment to Muscular symptoms

Muscle relaxants, Antispasmodics(and ones that work on the muscle itself)

What type of medication is cyclobenzaprine (flexeril)?

Muscle relaxant

TRUE or FALSE; if a patient is experiencing muscle spasms you would prescribe them with metaxalone (Skelaxin)

TRUE; Skelaxin is an example of an antispasmodic which in this case the patient needs to relieve their muscle spasms.

If a patient has been taking Flexeril but the medication has not been as effective for the patient what can be prescribed to maximize the effectiveness of the medication?

Benzodiazepines (Valium)

Toxic substance that causes food poisoning; lower doses act by paralyzing muscle, used to treat chronic migraines, limb spasticity, abnormal head position and neck pain.

Botulinum toxin type A (Botox)

progressive autoimmune disease that causes fatigue and weakness and loss of acetylcholine receptors causing break down in communication between nerves and muscles.

Myasthenia gravis

Treatment to Myasthenia gravis

Cholinesterase inhibitors such as neostigmine to Facilitate acetycholine accumulation (no cure but treatment can reduce symptoms.)

Disorder of chronic pain in muscles and soft tissue surrounding joints, rheumatological and is difficult to manage.

fibromyalgia

Decreasing contributory factors, Physical therapy, Antidepressants, Anti-inflammatory medications, Trigger point injections, Narcotic anaglesics.

treatment to fibromyalgia

What is the most common form of glaucoma that is treat with medications early diagnosis?

Primary open-angle glaucoma.

When the iris is too small, covers up drainage canals and requires surgical correction is an example of?

Acute- closure glaucoma (acute or narrow-angle glaucoma)

optic nerve damaged even though pressure net elevated signifigantly, treated with lowering eye pressure through medication or surgery

Normal tension glaucoma

Which medication decreases the production of intraocular fluid and (in lower doses) have no systemic effect

Beta blockers

Betaxolol HCL (Betoptic S) is an example of a

Beta blocker

Timolol maleate (Istalol) is a

Beta blocker

Decreases production and increases drainage of aqueous humor, mild effect on cardiovascular and respiratory system

Alpha blockers

If a patient needs a medication that would help drain the aqueous humor which would be the best medication? A. Albuterol B. Apraclondine HCL (Lopidine) C.Betacolol HCL (Betopic S)

B; Apraclondine HCL (Lopidine) is an example of an alpha blocker which is used to decrease the production and increase the drainage of the aqueous humor

What are other examples of alpha blockers

Brimonidine tartrate (Alphagan P)

Increase the outflow of the aqueous humor by dilating blood vessels side effects: change in pigmentation of iris (color of the eye)

Prostaglandins

TRUE or FALSE; Bimatoprost (Lumigan), Latanoprost (Xalatan), and Travoprost (Travatan Z) are all examples of Prostaglandins

TRUE

increase the outflow of aqueous humor and constrict the pupil, some are cholinergic agonist, decrease IOP.

Miotics

TRUE OR FALSE; Pilocarpine HCL (Isoto Carpine, Pilocarpine HCL Ophthalmic Solution USP), carbachol (Isopto Carbachol), and pilocarpine HCL gel 4% (Pilopine H S Gel). are all examples of miotics

TRUE

decrease production of intraocular fluid, topical or systemic use.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

If a patient is producing too much intraocular fluid what medication would be best for them?

Acetazolamide (Diamox and sequels); they are examples of Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors which decrease production of intraocular fluid.

used for eye surgery to decrease amount of aqueous humor rapidly,

osmotic diuretics

Paul is receiving eye surgery what medication would the anesthesiologist use to decrease the amount of aqueous humor?

Glycerin (Osmoglyn, Ophthalgan Solution)