Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurology SB > Pharmacology and Physiology > Flashcards

Pharmacology and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a dendrite and its function

A

the branch of a neurone that receives input from other neurones
they convey graded electrical signals passively to the some

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

is a dendrite active or passive in its actions to the soma

A

passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a soma and its functions

A

synthetic and metabolic centre of the neurone
contains the nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria and ER
integrates incoming signals that are conducted passively to the axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the axon hillock

A

site of initiation of the ‘all or none’ AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the role of the axon

A

conducts output signals as AP to other neurones

mediates transport of materials between soma and presynaptic terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the synapse

A

point of chemical communication between neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the difference between anterograde and retrograde direction

A

anterograde - transport of info from the soma to the presynaptic terminal

retrograde - transport of info from the presynaptic terminal to the soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what diseases exploit retrograde transport to infection neurones

A

viruses

- herpes, polio, rabies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the flow of electrical information in a neurone

A

dendrites&raquo_space; soma&raquo_space; axon hillock&raquo_space; axon&raquo_space; synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the soma sometimes called

A

perikaryon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the different types of neurones and what is there role in the body

A

unipolar - peripheral autonomic neurone

pseudounipolar - Dorsal root ganglion neurone

bipolar - retinal bipolar neurone

multipolar - LMN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is meant by pseudo unipolar neurone

A

one neurite that bifurcates ‘splits’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 4 functional regions of neurones

A
  • input
  • integrative
  • conductile
  • output
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the resting potential of a cell

A

-70 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the threshold of a neurones

A

-60 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens due to depolarisation in a neurone

A

voltage activated sodium channels are opened i.e. influx of sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where does the upstroke end

A

+40 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what causes the downstroke

A

opening of voltage activated potassium channels i.e. efflux of potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is passive conduction a factor in

A

propagation of the AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what makes myelin

A

schwann cells in PNS

oligodendrocytes in the CNS

(both are types of macroglia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

in which type of axons is there faster conduction - myelinated or non-myelinated

A

myelinated

22
Q

how does the AP travel along myelinated axons

A

AP jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next

23
Q

what channels cluster at Nodes of Ranvier

A

voltage activated sodium channels

24
Q

what do demyelinating disorders cause

A

slowing/cessation of nerve conduction

25
Q

how are types of synapses classified

A

by location of presynaptic terminal upon the postsynaptic cell

26
Q

what are the types of synapses

A

axodendritic (v common)
axosomatic (common)
axoaxonic (uncommon)

27
Q

what is the transmitter in EXCITATORY synapses in the CNS

A

glutamate

28
Q

what is the transmitter in INHIBITORY synapses in the CNS

A

GABA

29
Q

what is the third major amino acid neurotransmitter in the CNS

A

glycine

30
Q

what do glutamate and GABA cause

A

glutamate - excitatory postsynaptic potential (e.p.s.p.)

GABA - inhibitory postsynaptic potential (i.p.s.p.)

31
Q

what holds the pre- and post- synaptic membrane together

A

the synaptic cleft

32
Q

what channels do GABA, glutamate, glycine, acetylcholine and 5-HT activate

A

ionotropic ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) - for fast neurotransmission

G protein-coupled receptors - for slow neurotransmission
(except glycine)

33
Q

Overview of Chemical Neurotransmission Transmission

A

1 - uptake of precursor
2 - synthesis of transmitter
3 - storage of transmitter
4 - depolarisation by AP
5 - Calcium influx though voltage activated calcium channels
6 - Calcium induced release of transmitter (exocytosis)
7 - receptor activation
8 - enzyme-mediated inactivation of transmitter
OR
9 - re-uptake of transmitter

34
Q

what neurotransmitter must be specifically synthesised by neurones

A

GABA

35
Q

synthesis and storage of peptide neurotransmitter

A

1 - Synthesis of precursor peptide by ribosomes associated with the rough ER

2 - Cleavage of precursor peptide in Golgi apparatus yielding active neurotransmitter

3 - Secretory granules bud off from the Golgi apparatus

4 - Secretory granules are transported to the presynaptic terminal by fast axoplasmic transport via microtubules

36
Q

what channels are excitatory channels

A

Na channels

Ca channels

37
Q

what channels are inhibitory channels

A

Cl channels

K channels

38
Q

what would a drug that is an agonist of a sodium channel cause

A

opens channel&raquo_space; excitation

an antagonist would close the channel favouring inhibition

39
Q

what would an agonist of a potassium channel cause

A

opens channel&raquo_space; inhibitory

an antagonist would close the channel favouring excitation

40
Q

what are the 2 major families of ligand-gated channels

A

Nicotinic receptors

Glutamate receptors

41
Q

what are the 2 receptors for GABA and what do they operate

A

Ionotropic GABAa receptor - Cl- channel

Metabotropic GABAb receptor - potassium channel

42
Q

what is the difference between an ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

A

ionotropic - direct

metabotropic - indirect

43
Q

what is the receptor for Glycine and what does it ‘gate’

A

glycine ionotropic receptor

Cl- channel

44
Q

what is a graded potential

A

change in the rmp caused by an EPSP or IPSP but is not of a magnitude large enough to cross threshold and cause an AP

45
Q

what is an excitatory and inhibitory neurone

A

excitatory - releases a depolarising neurotransmitter

inhibitory - releases a hyperpolarising neurotransmitter

46
Q

what can affect the outcome of neurotransmission

A

the distance the current has to travel to the neurones trigger zone

47
Q

what is a ‘quanta’

A

the release of neurotransmitter from a single vesicle

48
Q

what are the receptors in the somatosensory system that have a low threshold

A

mechanoreceptors - touch, vibration, pressure

thermoreceptors - cold, cool, indifferent, warm and hot

49
Q

what are the high threshold units in the somatosensory system

A

nociceptors

thermal - extreme heat (>45) or cold ( < 10-15)
chemical - substances in tissue as found in inflammation

50
Q

what is shingles due to

A

infection of dorsal root ganglion neurones by the virus - Varicella zoster

Neurology SB (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions