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Paramedic Prep > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

Catecholamine refers to what?

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine

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2
Q

Medications are derived from?

A 
Pants
Animals
Animal Endocrine Systems 
Minerals
Micro-Organisms
Lab-generated (Synthetic)
Semisynthetic (Partially lab-generated)
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3
Q

The ‘‘stem’’ of a generic name can…?

A

Clue you into the drug class of a medication

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4
Q

Receptor sites are located where?

A

On the proteins connected to cells (throughout human body)

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5
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The function of a drug on bodily processes or functions (drug on body)

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6
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Action of body on a medication (Body on drug)

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7
Q

Four possible effects of medication binding

A
  1. Ionic channels are opened or closed
  2. Biochemical messenger is activated initiating a chemical reaction
  3. Cell function inhibited
  4. Cell function (ab or norm) begins
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8
Q

Agonist

A

Initiate or alter cell activity

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9
Q

Antagonist

A

Inhibit initiation of a receptor by occupation

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10
Q

Affinity

A

Is the ability of a medication to bind with a receptor

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11
Q

Threshold level

A

The amount of medication needed to initiate or alter cellular activity

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12
Q

Efficacy

A

Ability to alter or initiate cell activity in a therapeutic manner

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13
Q

Competitive antagonist

A

Temporarily bind with receptor sites

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14
Q

Non-competitive antagonist

A

Permanently bind with receptor sites

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15
Q

Partial agonist

A

Only partially activate receptors or have a ‘‘ceiling effect’’

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16
Q

Chelating agents

A

bind with heavy metals ( lead, mercury, arsenic) and create a compound able to be eliminated

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17
Q

Bicarbonate ions do what?

A

Bind with hydrogen ions to raise the pH and decrease acidity of body fluid

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18
Q

Diuretics do what?

A

Alter the distribution of fluid and electrolytes

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19
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of RBCs in the intravascular space

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20
Q

Water-Soluble medications

A

May require higher dosing depending on the approx. water concentration of the patient

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21
Q

Paradoxical medication reactions

A

Patients at extremes of age are more likely to experience this

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22
Q

Alpha-1 receptors

A

Agonist effect:

Vasoconstriction of arteries and veins

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23
Q

Alpha-2 receptors

A

Agonist effect:
Insulin restriction
Glucagon secretion
Inhibition of norepinephrine release

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24
Q

Beta-1 receptors

A 
Agonist effect:
Increased heart rate
Increased myocardial contractility 
Increased myocardial conduction
Renin secretion for urinary retention
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25
Q

Beta-2 receptors

A 
Agonist effect:
Bronchus and bronchiole relaxation
Insulin secretion 
Uterine relaxation
Arterial dilation in key organs
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26
Q

Dopaminergic receptors

A

Agonist effect:

Vasodilation of renal and mesenteric arteries

27
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

Agonist effect:

Located at neuromuscular junction allow ACh to stimulate muscle contraction

28
Q

Muscarinic-2 receptors

A

Agonist effect:
Activated by ACh to offset simulation of sympathetic NS resulting in negative chronotropic, dromotropic, & inotropic effects

29
Q

Opioid receptors

A 
Located in CNS & PNS, bowels and various tissues
Three types: Mu, Kappa, Delta
Agonist effect:
analgesia
euphoria
respiratory depression
30
Q

Cumulative action

A

Several small doses of certain medications will result in an effect equivalent to that of a single large dose

31
Q

Idiosyncratic reactions

A

Reaction to a medication that is peculiar to that individual

32
Q

Median lethal dose

A

weight-based dose of a med causing death in 50% of test animals

33
Q

Median toxic dose

A

50% of animals tested had toxic effects at or above the weight-based dose

34
Q

Median Effective dose

A

The dose tested to have a median effective effect

35
Q

Therapeutic index or ratio

A

Difference between median effective dose and median toxic dose or median lethal dose

36
Q

Tolerance

A

Decreased efficacy due to repeated exposure

37
Q

Cross-tolerance

A

Exposure to a medication within a particular class causing tolerance to another medication within the same class

38
Q

Giving incompatible drug through same IV line will result in?

A

Certain medications clumping or deactivating

39
Q

Habituation

A

Tolerance to the therapeutic or adverse effects

40
Q

Tachyphylaxis

A

rapid tolerance that occurs over short period of time to repeated exposure

41
Q

Medication interference

A

When two or more medications interferes with the effects of the other/interaction

42
Q

Bioavailability

A

percentage of unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation

43
Q

First-pass metabolism or first-pass hepatic metabolism

A

medication that passes from the GI tract to the portal vein and directly to the liver. In some cases this may result in an alteration of the substance

44
Q

Infiltration

A

leakage of medication from I.V. line into surrounding tissue. When the medication is a vesicant it is known as extravasation

45
Q

Distribution modes

A

Osmosis, diffusion, filtration, active transport

46
Q

nonionic and lipophilic

A

small medication molecules

47
Q

hydrophilic an ionic

A

large medication molecules

48
Q

chemical change of medication by body

A

Biotransformation

49
Q

sympathomimetic

A

Drugs that imitate the actions of naturally occurring sympathetic chemicals

50
Q

Three major classes of drugs used to relieve pain of angina

A

Nitrates, beta-blockers, CCBs

51
Q

Chronotropic

A

Heart rate

52
Q

Inotropic

A

Force of heart contraction

53
Q

Dromotropic

A

Conductivity of AV node

54
Q

Cranial nerve X

A

The vagal nerve. Responsible for the parasympathetic response in the heart, lungs, and GI system

55
Q

Cholinergic receptors respond to…?

A

Acetylcholine

56
Q

Adrenergic receptors or adrenoreceptors respond to…?

A

Catecholamines such as norepinephrine/epinephrine

57
Q

Class I antiarrhythmics

A

Sodium-Channel blockers

58
Q

Class II antiarrhythmics

A

Beta-Blockers or sympatholytic or sympathetic blockers

59
Q

Class III antiarrhythmics

A

Potassium Channel blockers

60
Q

Class IIII antiarrhythmics

A

Calcium-channel blockers:
N❤N-dihydropyridines (Selective to heart)
Dihydropyridines (peripheral vasculature)

61
Q

Active metabolite

A

Med that has undergone biotransformation and is still capable pharmacological activity/contrast against inactive metabolite

62
Q

Analgesic

A

Medication that relieves pain without sedation

63
Q

Anesthetic

A

Medication that induces a loss of sensation with or without sedation

Paramedic Prep (3 decks)

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