Pharmacology Flashcards
Catecholamine refers to what?
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine
Medications are derived from?
Pants Animals Animal Endocrine Systems Minerals Micro-Organisms Lab-generated (Synthetic) Semisynthetic (Partially lab-generated)
The ‘‘stem’’ of a generic name can…?
Clue you into the drug class of a medication
Receptor sites are located where?
On the proteins connected to cells (throughout human body)
Pharmacodynamics
The function of a drug on bodily processes or functions (drug on body)
Pharmacokinetics
Action of body on a medication (Body on drug)
Four possible effects of medication binding
- Ionic channels are opened or closed
- Biochemical messenger is activated initiating a chemical reaction
- Cell function inhibited
- Cell function (ab or norm) begins
Agonist
Initiate or alter cell activity
Antagonist
Inhibit initiation of a receptor by occupation
Affinity
Is the ability of a medication to bind with a receptor
Threshold level
The amount of medication needed to initiate or alter cellular activity
Efficacy
Ability to alter or initiate cell activity in a therapeutic manner
Competitive antagonist
Temporarily bind with receptor sites
Non-competitive antagonist
Permanently bind with receptor sites
Partial agonist
Only partially activate receptors or have a ‘‘ceiling effect’’
Chelating agents
bind with heavy metals ( lead, mercury, arsenic) and create a compound able to be eliminated
Bicarbonate ions do what?
Bind with hydrogen ions to raise the pH and decrease acidity of body fluid
Diuretics do what?
Alter the distribution of fluid and electrolytes
Hematocrit
Percentage of RBCs in the intravascular space
Water-Soluble medications
May require higher dosing depending on the approx. water concentration of the patient
Paradoxical medication reactions
Patients at extremes of age are more likely to experience this
Alpha-1 receptors
Agonist effect:
Vasoconstriction of arteries and veins
Alpha-2 receptors
Agonist effect:
Insulin restriction
Glucagon secretion
Inhibition of norepinephrine release
Beta-1 receptors
Agonist effect: Increased heart rate Increased myocardial contractility Increased myocardial conduction Renin secretion for urinary retention
Beta-2 receptors
Agonist effect: Bronchus and bronchiole relaxation Insulin secretion Uterine relaxation Arterial dilation in key organs
Dopaminergic receptors
Agonist effect:
Vasodilation of renal and mesenteric arteries
Nicotinic receptors
Agonist effect:
Located at neuromuscular junction allow ACh to stimulate muscle contraction
Muscarinic-2 receptors
Agonist effect:
Activated by ACh to offset simulation of sympathetic NS resulting in negative chronotropic, dromotropic, & inotropic effects
Opioid receptors
Located in CNS & PNS, bowels and various tissues Three types: Mu, Kappa, Delta Agonist effect: analgesia euphoria respiratory depression
Cumulative action
Several small doses of certain medications will result in an effect equivalent to that of a single large dose
Idiosyncratic reactions
Reaction to a medication that is peculiar to that individual
Median lethal dose
weight-based dose of a med causing death in 50% of test animals
Median toxic dose
50% of animals tested had toxic effects at or above the weight-based dose
Median Effective dose
The dose tested to have a median effective effect
Therapeutic index or ratio
Difference between median effective dose and median toxic dose or median lethal dose
Tolerance
Decreased efficacy due to repeated exposure
Cross-tolerance
Exposure to a medication within a particular class causing tolerance to another medication within the same class
Giving incompatible drug through same IV line will result in?
Certain medications clumping or deactivating
Habituation
Tolerance to the therapeutic or adverse effects
Tachyphylaxis
rapid tolerance that occurs over short period of time to repeated exposure
Medication interference
When two or more medications interferes with the effects of the other/interaction
Bioavailability
percentage of unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation
First-pass metabolism or first-pass hepatic metabolism
medication that passes from the GI tract to the portal vein and directly to the liver. In some cases this may result in an alteration of the substance
Infiltration
leakage of medication from I.V. line into surrounding tissue. When the medication is a vesicant it is known as extravasation
Distribution modes
Osmosis, diffusion, filtration, active transport
nonionic and lipophilic
small medication molecules
hydrophilic an ionic
large medication molecules
chemical change of medication by body
Biotransformation
sympathomimetic
Drugs that imitate the actions of naturally occurring sympathetic chemicals
Three major classes of drugs used to relieve pain of angina
Nitrates, beta-blockers, CCBs
Chronotropic
Heart rate
Inotropic
Force of heart contraction
Dromotropic
Conductivity of AV node
Cranial nerve X
The vagal nerve. Responsible for the parasympathetic response in the heart, lungs, and GI system
Cholinergic receptors respond to…?
Acetylcholine
Adrenergic receptors or adrenoreceptors respond to…?
Catecholamines such as norepinephrine/epinephrine
Class I antiarrhythmics
Sodium-Channel blockers
Class II antiarrhythmics
Beta-Blockers or sympatholytic or sympathetic blockers
Class III antiarrhythmics
Potassium Channel blockers
Class IIII antiarrhythmics
Calcium-channel blockers:
N❤N-dihydropyridines (Selective to heart)
Dihydropyridines (peripheral vasculature)
Active metabolite
Med that has undergone biotransformation and is still capable pharmacological activity/contrast against inactive metabolite
Analgesic
Medication that relieves pain without sedation
Anesthetic
Medication that induces a loss of sensation with or without sedation
