Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

List the main routes of administration of ocular drugs

A

Topical (drops, ointments)
Subconjunctival
Subtenons
Ocular injection (intravitreal, intracameral)

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2
Q

Which type of drug - hydrophilic or lipophilic - can penetrate the ocular epithelium?

A

Lipophilic (lipid soluble drugs), since epithelium is hydrophobic and lipophilic

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3
Q

Which type of drug - hydrophilic or lipophilic - can penetrate the ocular stroma?

A

Hydrophilic (water soluble drugs), since stroma is hydrophilic and lipophobic

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4
Q

Chloramphenicol is both hydrophilic and lipophilic. True/False?

A

True

Penetrates cornea easily

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5
Q

What effect does ocular surface inflammation have on the hydrophobic nature of the ocular epithelium?

A

Reduces hydrophobic nature

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6
Q

Tear film may impede drug penetration. Why?

A

Lipid layer will impede hydrophilic agents

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7
Q

Hydrophilic drugs are limited by epithelium/stroma and lipophilic drugs are limited by epithelium/stroma

A

Hydrophilic drugs are limited by epithelium and lipophilic drugs are limited by stroma

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8
Q

How can topical steroid be made more hydrophobic (what can be added)?

A

Alcohol (acetate)

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9
Q

How can topical steroid be made more hydrophilic (what can be added)?

A

Phosphate

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10
Q

Prednisolone acetate is hydrophilic. True/False?

A

False

Hydrophobic (contains acetate)

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11
Q

Prednisolone phosphate has good penetration. True/False?

A

False

It is hydrophilic and thus doesn’t penetrate ocular epithelium well (epithelium is hydrophobic)

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12
Q

What can be added to a topical drug to increase corneal penetration?

A

Benzalkonium

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13
Q

Give an example of a drug that can be administered through the subconjunctival route

A

Steroid

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14
Q

Give an example of a drug that can be administered through the subtenons route

A

Local anaesthetic (via cannula)

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15
Q

List some anti-inflammatory agents for ocular disease

A

Steroid
NSAIDs
Anti-histamines
Mast cell stabilisers

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16
Q

When are topical steroids usually used for ocular disease?

A

Post-op cataracts
Uveitis
Prevent corneal graft rejection

17
Q

List some local ocular side effects of steroids

A

Acute glaucoma
Cataract
Exacerbation of viral infection

18
Q

How do glaucoma drops basically work?

A

Decrease production of fluid and/or increase fluid outflow/drainage from the eye through the trabecular meshwork

19
Q

Which class of drug is 1st line for glaucoma and how does it work?

A

Prostanoids - Latanoprost (Xalatan)

Opens up uveal-scleral outflow (makes vessels leakier to allow fluid drainage)

20
Q

How to beta-blockers and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors help in glaucoma?

A

Block ciliary body and thus decrease fluid production

21
Q

Give an example of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

A

Topical Dorzolamide

Systemic Acetazolamide

22
Q

How do alpha agonists help in glaucoma? Give an example of one

A

Brimonidine

Make all vessels leakier and thus increase fluid drainage

23
Q

How do parasympathomimetics help in glaucoma? Give an example of one

A

Pilocarpine

Pull iris tight together to open up trabecular meshwork and enable fluid drainage

24
Q

Name a pro + con of intravitreal drug administration

A

Deliver effective concn of drug

Can be toxic to retina

25
When is intravitreal drug administration mainly used?
Administering antibiotic in exophthalmitis | Intra-ocular steroids
26
What effect does local anaesthetic have on the eye?
Blocks sodium channels + impedes nerve conduction so can keep eye open
27
Which dye is useful for viewing corneal abrasions?
Fluorescein dye
28
What do mydriatics do? Give an example and side effect
Block parasympathetic supply to iris, causing pupil dilation Tropicamide Side effect: blurring, acute glaucoma