Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PPVN > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Pharmacology

A

The science/study of drugs and their effects on a living organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Pharmacokinetics

A

The movement of the drug and what happens when it enters the body.

  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Pharmacodynamics

A

The effect that the drug has on the body- what does it do to the body?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the routes of administration?

A
  • Subconjunctivial
  • Oral or ‘per os’
  • Intratracheal
  • Nebulization
  • Intravenous
  • Inhalation
  • Subcutaneous
  • Topical (Skin, nose, eyes)
  • Epidural
  • Rectal
  • Intramuscluar
  • Intraosseous
  • Intra-articular
  • Intracardiac
  • Intraperitoneal
  • intradermal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the routes of excretion?

A
  • via the urinary tract
  • faeces
  • bile
  • breath (anaesthetic)
  • saliva
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Cascade System?

A

When administrating a medicine you should use one that has obtained an marketing authorisation for that species and condition.

If there is not one available or if it doesn’t exist, select a product which treats the condition in another species. This is known as ‘off-label’ use.

If no such product exists, select a product authorised for human use or a veterinary product in an EU member of state (not the UK).

if no such product exists, use a product prepared by an authorised person. This is known as ‘special order’ products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between a generic name and a trade name?

A

Generic name- the concise name given to a specific chemical compound e.g. Fipronil

Trade name- the name by which the drug is marketed
e.g. Frontline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a drug?

A

A chemical that has a known biological effect on a living organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do drugs work?

A

Drugs produce their effects through their actions on different cells of the body. Particular molecules, known as receptors, within the cell combine with the drug to initiate a response. Drugs reduce the activity of enzymes and modify the their actions through the ion channels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Drug absorption and distribution- what is diffusion?

A

Simple diffusion is where drug molecules pass across the gastro-intestinal mucosa from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Drug absorption and distribution- what is active transport?

A

Energy is used to transport the drug molecules from the gastro-intestinal tract to the bloodstream.

As energy is used this means that the drug can move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, going against the concentration gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do drug molecules within the systemic circulation bind to?

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Highly bound protein drugs have…

A

Less free drug molecules – therefore higher doses are needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are natural barriers?

A

Blood-brain barrier and placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What factors can affect absorption rate?

A
  • The physical and chemical characteristics of the drug (hydrophilic or lipophilic)
  • lipid solubility
  • amount of blood flow to the intended organ
  • route of administration
  • amount of albumin in the blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

The amount of drug that enters the circulation intact/unaltered.

17
Q

How do drugs distribute?

A

Drugs move through the circulation by binding to plasma proteins (Albumin) or being dissolved in blood lipid. They then go to there intended target organ. This is known as the therapeutic affect.

18
Q

What happens when drugs interfere with the liver?

A

An increase in enzymes decrease the efficacy of drugs, increasing the risk of toxicity.

19
Q

What is the term for the metabolisation of drugs?

A

Biotransform

20
Q

What happens during drug metabolism?

A

Occurs in the liver (biotransform), the drug is changed into a from which can be excreted form the body. Drugs may need to be metabolised through the use of ACE inhibitors. Enzymes alter the structure of the drug by hydrolysis, reduction and oxidation

21
Q

What is Enteral administration and give an example of a drug administrated via this route

A

A drug absorbed by the GI tract and then circulated around the body after being administrated orally such as Sucralfate

22
Q

What is Topical administration and give an example of a drug administrated via this route

A

Applying a drug directly to the skin, eyes, ears or mucous membranes. Emodepside and anthelmintic are used to treat local conditions.

23
Q

What is Parenteral administration and give an example of a drug administrated via this route

A

Any other route except the GI tract- usually injectable

24
Q

What considerations are there when deciding the best administration route?

A
  • some routes may endanger the animal
  • the drug can be destroyed if not administrated the proper route
  • can harm certain conditions
  • patient temperament
  • speed of reaction needed
  • convenience to person administrating
25
Q

What happens to a drug once it has been administrated orally?

A

Travels through the GI tract, enters the hepatic portal vein, liver removes toxic substances (first pass effect), solid drugs then dissolve before reaching systemic circulation. Often results in slow release.

26
Q

What is the absorption rate of a drug administrated IV?

A

0-2 mins

27
Q

What is the absorption rate of a drug administrated IM?

A

20-30 mins

28
Q

What is the absorption rate of a drug administrated S/C?

A

30-45 mins

29
Q

What is the absorption rate of a drug administrated Orally?

A

Dependant on the type and coating of the tablet

30
Q

What is tissue perfusion and how does it affect the rate of absorption?

A

Directly affects the rate of absorption and influenced by vasoconstriction and vasodilation. It is the passing of fluid through the circulatory or lymphatic system to a target organ.

PPVN (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions