Pharmacology

Question 1

Enteral Administration

Answer 1

Involves use of GI tract for administration of drug.

Can be oral, sublingual, or rectal.

Question 2

Parenteral Administration

Answer 2

Involves administration of drug that does not involve GI tract.
Can be through inhalation, topical, transdermal, or injection.

Question 3

Bioavailability

Answer 3

Percentage of a drug that makes it into the systemic circulation from site of original administration

Question 4

Dose-response curve

Answer 4

Graphic representation of the relationship between dosage and body’s response to drug. Body’s response will plateau after certain dosage due to receptors being taken up. Can compare potency of two different drugs.

Question 5

Therapeutic Index

Answer 5

Measurement of safety of a drug. Low TI indicates that drug is less safe.

Question 6

General anesthesia

Answer 6

Most common side effects are confusion and muscle weakness.

May result in retain pulmonary secretions, so may need to initiate breathing exercises and postural drainage.

Question 7

Local anesthesia

Answer 7

Exercise should be performed cautiously and bracing may be needed during ambulation if motor control is lacking.
May be administered via transdermal patches to help control pain. Do not apply heat near patch, as it can accelerate rate of absorption, leading to toxicity.

Question 8

Opioid analgesic agents

Answer 8

Side effects may include sedation and respiratory depression.

Question 9

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents

Answer 9

Side effects include GI discomfort.

Question 10

Antiarthritic agents

Answer 10

Glucocorticoids can lead to breakdown of tendon, bone, or skin. Do not be too aggressive with strengthening/stretching to decrease risk of injury.
Antirheumatic drugs can result in an increase in joint pain and swelling.

Question 11

Antiepileptic agents

Answer 11

Cerebellar side effects (ataxia). May cause dermatitis.

Question 12

Skeletal muscle relaxants

Answer 12

Sedation and muscle weakness are common side effects.

Question 13

Anti-Parkinson’s agents

Answer 13

Monitor BP since they may produce orthostatic hypotension and increase risk of falls.

Question 14

Antihypertensive agents

Answer 14

Risk for orthostatic hypotension. Avoid interventions with widespread vasodilation, such as whirlpool therapy.
Those taking beta blockers may have diminished heart rate response to exercise, so means of assessing exercise intensity like RPE should be used.

Question 15

Antianginal agents

Answer 15

Increased risk for orthostatic hypotension due to vasodilation.

Question 16

Antiarrhythmic agents

Answer 16

Can increase arrhythmias or change in type of arrhythmias. Risk of orthostatic hypotension.

Question 17

Congestive heart failure agents

Answer 17

Diuretics may cause fatigue and muscle weakness. May cause orthostatic hypotension.

Question 18

Anticoagulant agents

Answer 18

Interventions that can cause trauma, such as soft tissue massage or chest percussion should be performed with caution.

Question 19

Respiratory agents

Answer 19

Bronchodilators may cause cardiac arrhythmias, confusion, and tremors, which are signs of toxicity.
Mucolytics and expectorants should be taken 30-60 min prior to PT.

Question 20

Sedative-hypnotic and antianxiety agents

Answer 20

Increased risk for falls and injury.

May be less anxious and more willing to participate in PT.

Question 21

Antidepressant agents

Answer 21

May produce sedation and muscle weakness.

Some increase risk of orthostatic hypotension or hypertension.

Question 22

Antipsychotic agents

Answer 22

Extrapyramidal syndrome, which causes dyskinesia or dystonia.

Question 23

Gastrointestinal agents

Answer 23

Some minor side effects are dizziness, fatigue, and GI disturbances.

Question 24

Adrenocorticosteroid agents

Answer 24

Can lead to breakdown of tendon, bone, and skin.

Can lead to water retention and cause hypertension.

Question 25

Sex hormone replacement therapy

Answer 25

Estrogen, progesterone, and androgens can lead to salt and water retention and hypertension.

Question 26

Thyroid agents

Answer 26

Can produce side effects associated with symptoms of the opposite condition.

Question 27

Insulin replacement therapy

Answer 27

May experience hypoglycemia (causing confusion, nausea)

Question 28

Antibacterial agents

Answer 28

May cause hypersensitivity of the skin or respiratory tract. Be cautious with UV light treatment to avoid potential for adverse skin reactions.

Question 29

Chemotherapy agents

Answer 29

Side effects include severe fatigue and nervous system effects (neuropathy or ataxia)

Question 30

Immunomodulating agents

Answer 30

Some immunosuppressants have catabolic effects on muscle, tendon, and bone.
Others have a neurotoxic effects and cause peripheral neuropathy or CNS damage.