Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHASE 2A > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Metformin mechanism

A

Works by redicing hepatic glucose output and increasing glucose uptake by skeletal muscles by activating adenosine monophosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Metformin adverse effects and contraindications

A

Adverse effects: GI upset

Containdications: use cautiously in renal and liver impairment, withhold before and for 48 hrs after use of IV contrast medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ramipril mechanism

A

ACE inhibitor - work by blocking ACE, so reduces angiotensin II peripheral vascular resistance, so reduces aldosterone secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Atenolol mechanism

A

Beta blocker - work by reducing force of cardiac muscle contraction and speed of conduction to reduce oxygen demand. Also prolong the refractory period of the AV node so slow ventricular rate in AF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dobutamine indications

A

Indications: cardiogenic shock, severe heart failure, cardiomyopathies, septic shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ramipril contraindications and adverse effects

A

Adverse effects: cough, rash (due to bradykinin), hypotension, acute pre renal failure, hyperkalaemia

Contraindications: in pregnancy (sometimes), with diabetes medication, with other potassium elevating drugs (spiralactone), renal impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Atenolol adverse effects and contraindications

A

Adverse effects: fatigue, headache, bradycardia, hypotension, cold peripheries

Contraindications: asthma, Raynaud’s, with non dihydropyridine CCBs e.g. verapamil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dobutamine adverse effects

A

Adverse effects: arrythmias, bronhcospasm, dyspnoea, headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Amlodipine mechanism

A

Dihydropyridine CCB (more selective to vasculature - work by decreasing calcium ion entry to vascular cells causing relaxation and vasodilation of arterial smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Amlodipine adverse effects

A

Ankle swelling, flushing, headaches, palpitations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Verapamil mechanism

A

Non - dihydropyridine CCB (more selective to heart)- work by supressing cardiac conduction across AV node so slow rate and reduce oxygen demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Verapamil adverse effects and contraindications

A

Adverse effects: constipation, bradycardia, heart block, heart failure
Contraindications: should not be prescribed with B blockers except under specialist supervision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Losartan indications

A

Indications: Hypertension (when ACEis not tolerated), chronic heart disease, ishcaemic heart disease, diabetic neuropathy, CKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Losartan adverse effects and contraindications

A

Hypotension, hyperkalaemia, renal failure

Contraindicated in pregnancy and breastfeeding, AKI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dalteparin indications

A

Prevention of DVT/ PE in hospitalised patients, ACS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dalteparin adverse effects and contraindications

A

Adverse effects: haemorrhage risk, brusing at injection site

Use cautiously in patients with clotting disorders, recent surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Rivaroxaban indications

A

Indications: treatment and prevention of reoccurance of venous thromboembolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Rivaroxaban adverse effects and contraindications

A

Adverse effects: bleeding and haemorrhage risk, anaemia, dizziness

Contraindications: pregnancy and breast feeding, risk of major bleed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Loperamide mechanism

A

Is an antimotility - work by slowing bowel content so more water is absorbed. Is an opioid agonist receptor but can’t penetrate CNS so no analgesic effects
(others: codeine phosphate - can penetrate CNS so has analgesic effects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Loperamide adverse effects

A

Constipation, abdo cramps, flatulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lansoprazole indications

A

Prevention and treatment of peptic ulcer disease, symptomatic relief in dyspepsia and GORD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ranitidine indications

A

H2 receptor antagonist - treatment and prevention of gastric and duodenal ulcers, symptomatic relief of GORD and dyspepsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sulfasalazine indications

A

Mild/ moderate ulcerative colitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Methotrexate indications

A

Indications: rheumatoid arthritis, psoratic arthritis, SLE, spondyloarthropathies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Allopurinol mechanism
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor - reduces amount of uric acid
26
Alendronic acid indications
Osteoporosis, Paget's disease, symptomatic relief of hypercalcaemia of malignancy from bone tumours
27
Alendronic acid adverse effects
GI side effects, oesophagitis, hypophospataemia
28
Methotrexate adverse effects and contraindications
Adverse effects: GI mucosal damage, neutropenia from bone marrow supression, folate deficiency Contraindicated in pregnancy
29
Celecoxib indications
NSAID - osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosinf spondylitis
30
Celecoxib contraindications and adverse effects
Adverse effects: angina and increased risk of CVS disease, cough, diarrhoea Contraindications: active GI bleeding, IBD, peripheral arterial disease
31
Bendroflumethiazide mechanism
Is a thiazide diuretic - acts on Na+/Cl- transporter in the DCT so less sodium, water and potassium is reabsorbed
32
Bendroflumethiazide adverse effects
Hypokalaemia, hypovolaemia, hyponatraemia
33
Spiralactone mechanism
Is a K+ sparing diuretic - acts on DCT, means more sodium and water is excreted and potassium is reabsorbed
34
Spiralactone adverse effects
GI upset, hyperkalaemia
35
Frusemide mechanism
Is a loop diuretic - acts on assending limb of loop of henle and inhibits Na+/2Cl-/K+ cotransporter so more is excreted
36
Frusemide adverse effects
Dehydration, hypotension, hypokalaemia, metabolic acidosis
37
Tamsulosin and doxazosin mechansim
Is an alpha adrenoreceptor antagonist - blocks receptors in smooth muscle in urinary tract so reduces resistance to bladder outflow
38
Tamsulosin and doxazosin indications
BPE and LUTS
39
Tamsulosin and doxazosin adverse effects
Postural hypotension, dizziness, syncope
40
Finasteride indications
Second line for BPE
41
Finasteride mechanism
5- alpha reductase inhibitor - blocks enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone so reduces prostatic proliferation and improves urinary flow. Takes 3-6 months to have effect
42
Finasteride adverse effects
Postural hypotension
43
Ethinylestradiol indications
Post menopausal symptoms due to oestrogen deficiency, prophylaxis for osteoporosis where other osteoporosis treatment is contraindicated, palliative care for prostate cancer
44
Ethinylestradiol mechanism
is an oestrogen receptor agonist
45
Ethinylestradiol adverse effects and contraindications
Adverse effects: breast abnormalities, thrombosis, erythema nodosum, hypertension Contraindications: active or recent thrombembolic disease
46
Oxybutynin indications
Urinary frequency, urgency, incontinence, neurogenic bladder instability, nocturnal eneuresis associated with overactive bladder
47
Oxybutynin mechanism
Is an anticholinergic/ antimuscarinic
48
Oxybutynin adverse effects
dry eyes and mouth, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, diarrhoea
49
Sildenafil indications
``` Erectile dysfunction (also pul. arterial hypertension and digital ulcers from systemic sclerosis under sepcialist supervision) ```
50
Sildenafil mechanism
Is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor - increases blood flow to penis during sexual stimulation by decreasing PDE5 activity so increasing cyclic GMP in vessel walls (viagra)
51
Sildenafil side effects
Anxiety, headache, vision change, diarrhoea, skin reaction, anaemia
52
Salmeterol indications
Asthma when inhaled corticosteroids are insufficient (third line), second line in COPD
53
Salmeterol mechanism
Long acting beta -2- agonist - relaxes smooth muscle in bronchi
54
Salmeterol adverse effects
Muscle cramps, tachycardia, palpitations, anxiety, tremor
55
Salbutamol indications
First line in asthma and COPD
56
Salbutamol mechanism
Short acting beta-2- agonist - smooth muscle relaxant in airways
57
Inhaled corticosteroids indications
Asthma (when not controlled by SABAs), COPD (if responsive to oral trial), pulmonary fibrosis, bronchiectasis, hypersensitivity pneumonitits
58
Inhaled corticosteroids adverse effects
Oral candidiasis
59
Co amoxiclav (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid) adverse effects
GI upset, acute liver injury Contraindication in penecillin allergy, where high risk of C diff Can enhance anticoagulant effect of warfarin
60
Erythromycin mechanism
Macrolide antibiotic - works by targetting ribesomes and inhibiting protein synthesis
61
Erythromycin adverse effects
GI disturbance when taken orally, thrombophelebitis when IV, cholestatic jaundice, long QT syndrome
62
Co amoxiclav mechanism
Is a broad spectrum penicillin - inhibits cell wall synthesis
63
Ciprofloxacin mechanism
Is a quinolone antibiotic - inhibits DNA gyrase in nucleic acid synthesis
64
Ciprofloxacin adverse effects
GI upset, hypersensitivity, long QT syndrome, seizures, hallucinations, C diff infection
65
Chloramphenicol mechanism
Antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis
66
Chloramphenicol adverse effects
Stinging, burning, itching when applied topically to eyes
67
Chloramphenicol indications
Bacterial conjunctivitis as eye drops, otitius externa as ear drops Rarley used systemically
68
Cefuroxime mechanism
2nd generation cephalosporin - a beta lectam antibiotic that acts on bacterial cell walls
69
Cefuroxime adverse effects
GI upset, hypersensitivity, neurological toxicity, C diff
70
Rifampicin mechanism
Antibiotic that binds to RNA polymerase to inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
71
TB drugs adverse effects
Rifampicin - deranged LFTs, thrombocytopenia, orange urine, sweat and tears Isoniazid - deranged LFTs, peripheral neuropathy Pyrazinamide - arthralgia, hepatotoxicity, photosensitivity Ethambutol - toxic optic neuropathy
72
Atenolol indications
IHD, heart failure, tachyarrythmias, hypertension (after ACEIs, CCBs, diuretics)
73
Ramapril indications
First line for hypertension in <55 yrs + white, heart failure, diabetic neuropathy, IHD
74
Dobutamine mechanism
Is a beta 1 adrenergic receptor - work by providing inotropic support (increase force of contraction)
75
Metformin indications
First line in type 2 DM
76
Amlodipine indications
Hypertension (second line, first like if >55 yrs/ black or asian, stable angina
77
Verapamil indications
Superventricular arrythmias
78
Losartan mechanism
ARB - Work by blocking angiotensin II so reduces peripheral vascular resistance and dilates efferent arteriole
79
Dalteparin mechanism
Is a low molecular weight heparin - works by inhibiting factor X so inhibits fibrin formation
80
Rivaroxaban mechanism
Is a direct oral anticoagulant - work by inhibiting factor X so inhibiting fibrin formation
81
Loperamide indications
Diarrhoea in IBS or gastroenteritis
82
Lansoprazole mechanism
PPI - inhibit the H+/K+/ATPase pump in parietal cells in the stomach so supress gastric acid secretion
83
Ranitidine mechanism
H2 receptor antagonist - reduce gastric acid secretion indirectly by blocking histamine receptors on parietal cells
84
Methotrexate mechanism
Is a DMARD - works by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines to slow joint erosion
85
Alendronic acid mechanism
Is a bisphosphonate - inhibits growth and activity of osteoclasts so reduces bone resorbtion
86
Allopurinol indications
Gout (don't start during attacks)
87
Bendroflumethiazide indications
Anything causing fluid overload. Longer duration of action than loop diuretics but less effective
88
Ipratropium indications
COPD (second line), asthma (third line)
89
Ipratropium mechanism
Antimuscarinic bronchodilator - competitive inhibitor for Ach so reduces smooth muscle tone, glandular secretions and increases heart rate
90
Ipratropium adverse effects
irritation of resp tract, dry mouth, urinary retention (but mild when inhaled compared to IV/ oral)
91
Ephedrine indications
Reversible airway obstruction
92
Ephedrine mechanism
Is a sympathomimetic amine and substituted amphetamine - indirectly stimulates adrenergic receptor system by increasing activity of norepinephrine as post synaptic receptors
93
Ephendrine adverse effects
Anxiety, headache, insomnia, nausea
94
Atracurium indications
Neuromuscular blockade in surgery and intubation, only administered under specialist supervision
95
Atracurium mechanism
Neuromuscular blockade - is non depolarising ?
96
Atracurium adverse effects
Flushing, hypotension, bronchospasm, tachycardia, skin reaction
97
Suxamethonium indications
Neuromuscular blockade during surgery and intubation, by IM injection
98
Suxamethonium mechanism
Neuromuscular blockade - mimicks Ach at neuromuscular junctions causing depolarisation
99
Suxamethonium adverse effects
Arrythmias, bradycardia, flushing, involuntary muscle contraction, post procedural muscle pain
100
Ciclosporin indications
immunosuppressant administered under specialist supervision - severe acute ulcerative colitis, severe rheumatoid arthritis, severe atopic dermatitis, severe psoriasis, nephrotic syndrome, organ or bone marrow transplant
101
Ciclosporoin mechanism
Immunosuppressant - supresses cell mediated immune response
102
Glitaczide indications
Second line for T2 DM after metformin, if HbA1c > 53 mmol/L 16 weeks later
103
Glitaczide mechanism
Sulfonylurea - increases insulin production from beta cells
104
Amiodarone adverse effects
Sun sensitivity, hyperthyroidism, corneal deposition, interstitial pneumonitis
105
Amiodarone mechanism
Antiarrythmic - blocks potassium rectifier currents that are responsible for the repolarization of the heart during phase 3 of the cardiac action potential
106
Adrenaline indications
in anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest and to control bleeding by local vasoconstriction
107
Adrenaline mechanism
Alpha and beta adrenoreceptor agonist - Alpha: vasoconstriction Beta 1: increasing heart rate, force of contraction, myocardial excitability Beta 2: vasodilation, bronchodialation and suppression of inflammatory mediator release from mast cells

PHASE 2A (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions