Pharmacology

Question 1

What is the movement called of organs running to the anus?

Answer 1

Aboral

Question 2

What is the movement of organs called running to the mouth?

Answer 2

Oral

Question 3

What are the organs separated by?

Answer 3

sphincters

Question 4

What is the role of the mouth and oropharynx?

Answer 4

Chops and lubricates food.

Question 5

What is the role of the oesophagus?

Answer 5

Propels food to stomach.

Question 6

What is the role of the stomach?

Answer 6

Stores and churns food

Continues carbohydrate and initiates protein digestion

Regulates delivery of chyme to duodenum

Question 7

What is the role of the small intestine?

Answer 7

Principle site of digestion and absorption of nutrients

Question 8

What is the role of the Large intestine?

Answer 8

Reabsorb fluid and electrolytes, stores faecal matter before delivery to rectum.

Question 9

What is the role of the rectum and anus?

Answer 9

Regulate expulsion of faeces.

Question 10

What are the accessory structures?

Answer 10

i Salivary glands

ii Pancreas

iii. Liver and gall bladder

Question 11

What is the overall length of the digestive tract wall?

Answer 11

7-10m

Question 12

What are the three layers of the tract wall from deep to superficial?

Answer 12

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis externa

Serosa

Question 13

What makes up the mucosa layer?

Answer 13

Mucous membrane

Lamina propria

Muscularis mucosae

Question 14

What makes up the submucosa layer?

Answer 14

Connective tissue

larger blood and lymph vessels

glands

submucous plexus

Question 15

What makes up the muscularis externa?

Answer 15

Circular muscle layer

Myenteric plexus

Longitudinal muscle layer.

Question 16

What makes up the serosa?

Answer 16

Connective tissue

Question 17

What are the four main functions of the alimentary canal?

Answer 17

Motility mainly due to smooth muscle

Secretion

Digestion via enzymatic hydrolysis

Absorption- mediated by numerous transport mechanisms

Question 18

What are the three types of muscle contractions occur for GI motility?

Answer 18

Circular muscle contraction – lumen becomes narrower and longer

Longitudinal muscle contraction – intestine becomes shorter and fatter

Muscularis mucosae contraction – change in absorptive and secretory area of mucosa (folding), mixing activity

Question 19

How are adjacent smooth muscle cells connected?

Answer 19

gap junctions

Question 20

How does contraction of smooth muscle cells occur?

Answer 20

As a synchronous wave in a functional unit

Question 21

What causes and controls electrical activity in the smooth muscle cells?

Answer 21

Caused by:
pacemaker cells

Controlled by:

Intrinsic and extrinsic nerves
Numerous hormones

Question 22

How does electrical activity spread In the stomach, small, and large intestine ?

Answer 22

In the stomach, small, and large intestine spontaneous electrical activity occurs as slow waves

Question 23

What is the name of the pacemaker cells?

ii Where are they mainly located?

Answer 23

Interstitial cells of cajal

ii Between circular and longitudinal muscle layers

Question 24

Depolarizing slow waves do not necessarily result in smooth muscle contraction

true or false?

Answer 24

true

Question 25

What are the different slow wave frequencies?

Answer 25

stomach, 3 min-1.
small intestine 12 - 8 min-1
colon, 8 - 16 min-1

Question 26

What are the three stimuli the slow wave amplitude depends on in order to reach the threshold?

Answer 26

Neuronal

Hormonal

Mechanical