Pharmacology Flashcards
What medication can be used to treat phaechromocytoma-induced hypertension?
Phentolamine
What can phentolamine be used to treat?
Phaechromocytoma-induced hypertension
Why are alpha-blockers only used as adjunctive treatment (i.e. add-on for HTN treatment)?
Because they only have modest BP lowering effects
What is the MOA of prazosin?
Alpha-1 specific blocker. Inibit vasoconstrictor activity of NE.
What advantage does carvedilol have over atenolol and propanolol?
Blockade of alpha 1 adrenoreceptors => reduced vasoconstriction in skin, mucous membrane and splanchnic areas => reduced TPR.
However, it causes more side effects.
What is hydrocortisol? What conditions can be treated with hydrocortisol?
Hydrocortisone is the name for the hormone cortisol when supplied as a medication.
Uses include conditions such as adrenocortical insufficiency, adrenogenital syndrome, high blood calcium, thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatitis, asthma, and COPD.
What can piperacillin with tazobactam (e.g. Tazocin) be used for? What is its drug class?
LRTI, UTI, intraabdominal sepsis, skin and soft tissue infection
What are cephalosporins and carbapenems used for? What are their MOAs? Give some examples and their dosages.
Refer to Top 100 drugs
What is metronidazole? What is its MOA? What is it used for (esp for one particular condition/microbe)?
Refer to Top 100 drugs. Effective against gram-positive anaerobe Clostrium difficle.
What class of drugs is piperacillin with tazobactum? What is their MOA? What is their dosage?
Refer to Top 100 drugs.
What class of drug are amoxicillin and co-amoxiclav under? What are their dosages?
Refer to Top 100 drugs.
What class of drug is ranitidine? What are its indications? What is the usual dosage given?
Refer to Top 100 drugs.
What are the contraindications and warnings of azathioprine usage?
Bone marrow suppression is especially common in people with a genetic deficiency of the enzyme thiopurine S-methyltransferase. Other serious risk factors include an increased risk of lymphoma. Use during pregnancy may result in harm to the baby.
What class of drug is ranitidine? What are its indications? What is the usual dosage given? What is it particularly useful for?
Refer to Top 100 drugs. As with the other cephalosporins, it is susceptible to beta-lactamase, although as a second-generation variety, it is less so. Hence, it may have greater activity against Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Lyme disease
What class of drug is warfarin? What are its indications? What is the usual dosage given? What is it particularly useful for?
Refer to Top 100 drugs.
Warfarin inhibits the vitamin K-dependent synthesis of biologically active forms of the clotting factors II, VII, IX and X, as well as the regulatory factors protein C, protein S, and protein Z.
What class of drug is atropine? What are its indications? What is the usual dosage given? What is it particularly useful for? What are its side effects?
Given pre-operatively to prevent voiding of the bowels. Common side effects include a dry mouth, large pupils, urinary retention, constipation, and a fast heart rate.[3] It should generally not be used in people with angle closure glaucoma.
What class of drug is bethanechol? What are its indications? What is the usual dosage given? What is it particularly useful for? What are its side effects?
Refer to Top 100 drugs.
Irreversible muscurinic receptor agonist, and also a parasympathetic choline carbamate.
Bethanechol alleviates dry mouth[1] and is sometimes given orally or subcutaneously to treat urinary retention resulting from general anesthetic, diabetic neuropathy of the bladder, or a side effect of antidepressants; or to treat gastrointestinal lack of muscular tone. The muscarinic receptors in the bladder and gastrointestinal tract stimulate contraction of the bladder and expulsion of urine, and increased gastrointestinal motility, respectively.
Since it increases the effects of the parasympathetic system, it should not be used in patients with the following conditions: asthma, peptic ulcers, intestinal obstruction and hyperthyroidism (because cholinergic drugs may precipitate atrial fibrillation in patients with hyperthyroidism).
What can acyclovir be used to treat?
It can be used to treat some viral infections. However, it is not a cure for these infections; it only decreases the severity and length of outbreaks, and the number of future episodes.
Sore throat around mouth - caused by herpes simplex
Chicken pox - caused by varicella zoster virus
Singles - caused by herpes zoster
Genital herpes - caused by herpes simplex virus type 1/2
What are some examples of cholinesterase inhibitors?
Neostigmine
Physostigmine
Bethanechol
What is a benzodiazepine? What are its indications? What is the usual dosage given? What is it particularly useful for? What are its side effects?
Benzodiazepine = benzene ring + diazepine ring
What is betamethasone?
Refer to Top 100 Drugs (?)
What are some drugs that prolong QT interval?
Amiodarone Anti-psychotics SSRIs Macrolides Quinine
What are drugs that inhibit Cytochrome P450 enzyme?
Amiodarone - heart
Quinolones - antibiotic
Diltiazem - CCB
Itraconazole
What are the drugs to avoid in pregnancy
Tetracycline
Metronidazole - first trimester
Methotrexate, Trimethoprim - first trimester
Nitrofuratoin
