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PTCB > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This is what the body does to the drug.

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2
Q

ADME

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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3
Q

True or False: ADME can be affected by factors like age, race, gender, genetics.

A

True

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4
Q

True or False: ADME can be affected by factors like dosage form, foods, disease contains, and simultaneous usage of other drugs.

A

True

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5
Q

Drug absorption

A

The transfer of drugs into the bloodstream

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6
Q

3 factors that affect drug absorption:

A

Gastric emptying time
Bile salts and enzymes
Intestinal movement

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7
Q

4 factors that affect gastric emptying time

A

Amount and type of food in stomach
Other drugs
Emotional state
Body position

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8
Q

If a drug stays in the stomach for a long time is it more or less likely to be absorbed?

A

Less likely

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9
Q

Will slow intestinal movement result in lesser or greater drug absorption

A

Greater absorption

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10
Q

Why does a longer gastric emptying time result in less absorption?

A

The longer a drug stays in the stomach the more likely it will be destroyed by stomach acids instead of entering into the bloodstream

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11
Q

Why does slower intestinal movement result in greater drug absorption?

A

The longer a drug is in contact with the intestinal membrane, the more it will be absorbed.

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12
Q

What role do bile salts play in absorption?

A

Bile salts in the intestinal tract increase the absorption of hydrophilic drugs.

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13
Q

What role do enzymes play in absorption?

A

Enzymes can destroy drugs and reduce absorption

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14
Q

The half-life of a drug

A

The time it takes for the blood concentration of a drug to reduce by half.

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15
Q

Drug distribution

A

The transfer of drugs between the bloodstream and various body tissues/membranes

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16
Q

3 factors that affect drug distribution

A

Blood flow rate
Tissue membrane permeability
Protein bindings

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17
Q

How does blood flow rate affect distribution?

A

Drugs are distributed quicker to organs with high flow rate.

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18
Q

2 organs with high flow rate

A

Heart

Liver

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19
Q

2 organs with low flow rate

A

Skin

Muscle

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20
Q

True or False: Most tissue membranes are highly permeable

A

True

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21
Q

True or False: The blood-brain barrier is a highly permeable membrane

A

False

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22
Q

What role does protein binding play in drug distribution?

A

Some drugs may bind to proteins in the blood plasma, preventing the drug from passing through the tissue membrane

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23
Q

Drug metabolism

A

The breakdown of drugs into compounds that can be excreted

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24
Q

Where does drug metabolism primarily occur?

A

In the liver

25
Q

True or False: As drugs are metabolized, the drug’s therapeutic effects are reduced

A

True

26
Q

Would a patient with higher metabolic rate require a higher or lower dosage?

A

Higher dosage

27
Q

Enzyme induction

A

When a patient takes a drug chronically, the liver may increase its enzyme activity

28
Q

True or False: Enzyme induction may result in a patient needing a lower dosage

A

False

29
Q

Enzyme inhibition

A

Reduces enzyme activity and metabolism of a drug

30
Q

Drug excretion

A

The process by which drugs are expelled from the body.

31
Q

What is the primary organ involved in drug excretion?

A

The kidneys

32
Q

True or False: A patient with and impaired kidney would most likely need a higher dosage

A

False

33
Q

Bioavailability

A

The amount of a drug and the rate at which that drug is available for circulation and so is able to produce a therapeutic effect.

34
Q

How is bioavailability measured?

A

From a blood concentration-time profile

35
Q

Absolute Bioavailability

A

When a blood concentration-time profile of a drug is compared to a blood concentration-time profile of an IV solution.

36
Q

Relative Bioavailability

A

When a blood concentration-time profile of a drug is compared to anything other than an IV solution

37
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the body.

38
Q

Therapeutic Window

A

The range of doses that produces a therapeutic effect without causing significant adverse effects.

39
Q

Duration of Action

A

How long a drug will be effective.

40
Q

Brand Name

A

Trademarked or advertised name of the drug

41
Q

Generic Name

A

Essentially the chemical name of the drug. Imitations of brand name drugs.

42
Q

True or False: Generic drugs must have the same active ingredients, formulation, and inactive ingredients as a brand name drug

A

False. Inactive ingredients may be different.

43
Q

True or False: There is only one generic/non-proprietary name for a drug, but there can be many different brand names.

A

True. There can be multiple brand names after a patent protection expires.

44
Q

5 Requirements for Therapeutic Equivalence

A
  1. The two drugs have the same safety and efficacy
  2. They are pharmaceuticaly equivalent
  3. They are bioequivalent
  4. They are correctly labeled
  5. They are manufactured in accordance with the FDA’s Current Good Manufacturing Practice regulations
45
Q

Pharmaceutical Equivalence

A

When 2 or more drugs contain the same amount of active ingredients, dosage form, route of administration, and meet similar standards of strength, purity and quality.

46
Q

True or False: Pharmaceutical equivalents may differ in inactive ingredients, shape, scoring configuration, packaging, labeling, and date of expiration.

A

True

47
Q

Bioequivalence

A

When 2 or more drugs have the same rates of absorption under similar conditions and dosages; essentially they must have similar bioavailability

48
Q

What book contains an official listing of therapeutically equivalent drugs?

A

“Approved Drug Product with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations” or the “Orange Book”

49
Q

Therapeutic Duplication

A

When multiple medications from the same class of drugs are prescribed for the same indication without clear directions for when one drug should be used over another.

50
Q

True or False: If multiple drugs from the same class are prescribed, each drug must have a specific indication or include criteria for the order in which the drugs should be taken.

A

True

51
Q

True or False: Pregnant women experience delayed gastric emptying time and decreased intestinal movement

A

True

52
Q

True or False: Children metablolize slower up until age 12

A

False, children metabolize faster until age 12

53
Q

Drug-Disease interaction

A

When a drug interacts or interferes with an existing medical condition. Examples: Beta-blockers taken for heart disease worsen asthma; pseudoephedrine can increase blood pressure for those with hypertension

54
Q

Drug-Drug interaction

A

When the effects of a drug are changed when taken with another drug. Effect can be additive, synergistic, potentiated or antagonistic.

55
Q

Additive interaction

A

The effect of the two drugs taken together is equal to the sum of the two drugs taken separately.

56
Q

Synergistic interaction

A

The effect of the two drugs taken together is greater than the sum of the two taken separately.

57
Q

Potentiated interaction

A

When one drug intensifies the actions of another drug.

58
Q

Antagonistic interaction

A

When two drugs interact in a way that the effects of either one or both of the drugs are decreased

59
Q

True or False: Synergy and antagonism can both occur between two drugs

A

True, during different phases

PTCB (6 decks)

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