PHARMACOLOGY

Question 1

How do beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists work

Answer 1

Agonist binds to B2 adrenorecpetors

Relaxation of the bronchi smooth muscle occurs

Question 2

Example of SABAs

Answer 2

short acting beta2 adrenoreceptor agonist

salbutamol

Question 3

Example of LABAs

Answer 3

Long acting beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonist

Salmeterol
Formoterol

Question 4

What are b2 adrenoreceptor agonists used to treat and what are their side effects

Answer 4

Treat asthma SABA- step 1
LABA- step 3
 COPD 
side effects
fine tremor 
hypotension 
tachycardia

Question 5

What so CystLT antagonists do

and an example of one

Answer 5

Stop leukotreins binding to CysLT1
therefore preventing muscle contraction, mucus secretion and oedema

Montelukast

Question 6

What are CystLT antagonists used to treat and what are their side effects

Answer 6

Asthma - step 4 - persistent or poor control. Antigen/exercise induced

Rhinitis

Side effects
abdominal pain
headaches

Question 7

What do Xanthines do and what are some examples of them

Answer 7

Theophylline
Aminophylline

Inhibit phosphodiesterase which increases cAMP levels

Decrease protein kinase A

Question 8

What are xanthines used to treat and what are their side effects

Answer 8

Asthma

side effects

Nausea
vomiting
abdominal discomfort
headache

Question 9

What do corticosteroids do

Answer 9

Bind to promotor regions which turn off certain genes and turn on others to reduce the no, of inflammatory cells and reduce inflammation

Question 10

Examples of coticsoteriods used in resp

Answer 10

ORAL: Prednisolone
INHALED: beclometasone

Question 11

What are corticosteriods used to treat and what are their side effects

Answer 11

Asthma
Rhinitis

Side effects 
orophargyngeal- candidiasis 
dysphonia 
growth destruction 
glaucoma 
diabetes 
cushings syndrome (excess cortisol)

Question 12

What do cromlins do and whats an example of one

Answer 12

Cromoglicate

Decreases sensitivity of fibres in the endothelium

Question 13

What do cromlins treat and what are their side effects

Answer 13

Allergic asthma
Allergic rhinitis

Side effects
local irritation

Question 14

What does omalizumab do

Answer 14

Monoclonal antibody treatment against IgE

Question 15

What does omalizumab treat and what are the possible side effects

Answer 15

Allergic asthma

side effects
Abdo pain
Pyrexia

Question 16

What do muscarinic Ach antagonists of M3 receptors do

Answer 16

Prevent the binding of an a parasympathetic agonist preventing constriction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.

Question 17

What are muscarinic antagonists used to treat and what are their side effect s

Answer 17

COPS
Rhinitis (decreases watery secretions)

Side effects 
dry mouth 
dizzieness 
oropharyngeal 
candidiasis 
taste disturbance

Question 18

What are H1 receptor antagonists and what do they do

Answer 18

Anti-histamines
reduce effects of mast cell activation
example - loratadine

Question 19

What are H1 receptor antagonists used to treat and what are their side effects

Answer 19

Allergic rhinitis

side effects
drowsiness
palpitations
hypotension

Question 20

What do vasoconstrictors do and whats and example of one

Answer 20

Oxymetazoline (alpha1 agonist)

Mimics the effects of noradrenaline

Question 21

What are vasoconstrictors used to treat and what are their side effects

Answer 21

Rhinitis

side effects
rhinitis
nasal congestion caused by desensitisation of receptors