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Step 1 Cardiovascular-First Aid 2017 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertensive drugs that are safe in pregnancy

A

Hydralazine, labetalol, methyldopa, nifedipine

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2
Q

Hypertensive drugs that at protective against diabetic nephropathy

A

ACE inhibitors and ARBs

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3
Q

Hypertensive drugs used with diabetes mellitus

A

ACE inhibitors/ARBs, CCBs, thiazide diuretics, B-blockers

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4
Q

Hypertensive drugs used in HF

A

Diuretics (spironolactone)
ACE inhibitors/ARBs
B-blockers (compensated HF)
Aldosterone antagonist

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5
Q

Hypertensive drug contraindicated in decompensated HF and cardiogenic shock

A

B-blockers

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6
Q

Primary hypertensive drugs

A

Thiazide diuretics
ACE inhibitors/ARBs
Dihydropyridine CCBs

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7
Q

Hypertensive drug that should be avoided in renal artery stenosis

A

Thiazide diuretics

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8
Q

CCBs that act on the heart

A

Non-dihydropyridines: dilitiazem and verapamil

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9
Q

CCBs that act on vascular smooth muscle

A 
CANNN:
Clevidipine
Amlodipine
Nifedipine
Nimodipine
Nicardipine
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10
Q

Dihydropyridine CCB not indicated for HTN

A

Nimodipine

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11
Q

Indicated for HTN, angina, and Raynaud phenomenon

A

Dihydropyridine CCBs (except nimodipine)

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12
Q

CCBs MOA

A

Block voltage gated L-type Ca channels of cardiac and smooth muscle cells decreasing muscle contractility

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13
Q

CCB indicated for subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Nimodipine - prevents cerebral vasospasms

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14
Q

CCB indicated for hypertensive urgency or emergency

A

Nicardipine and clevidipine

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15
Q

CCB indicated for HTN, angina, and atrial fibrillation/flutter

A

Non-dihydropyridines verapamil and diltiazem

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16
Q

CCBs that cause cardiac depression, AV block, hyperprolactinemia, constipation

A

Non-dihydropyridines

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17
Q

Hypertensive used for severe HTN, HF with organic nitrate and safe to used during pregnancy

A

Hydralazine

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18
Q

Frequently co-administered with hydralazine to prevent reflex tachycardia

A

B-blocker

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19
Q

When is hydralazine contraindicated

A

Angina and CAD

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20
Q

Hypertensive that causes compensatory tachycardia, fluid retention, headache, angina, Lupus-like syndrome

A

Hydralazine

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21
Q

D1 receptor agonist used for hypertensive emergency

A

Fenoldopam

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22
Q

B-blocker used for hypertensive emergency

A

Labetolol

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23
Q

Nitrite used for hypertensive emergency

A

Nitroprusside

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24
Q

D1 receptor agonist used in hypertensive emergency that causes coronary, peripheral, renal, and splanchnic vasodilation

A

Fenoldopam

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25
Q

Antihypertensive used postoperatively that can cause hypotension and tachycardia as side effects

A

Fenoldopam

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26
Q

Short-acting antihypertensive that increases cGMP via direct release of NO

A

Nitroprusside

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27
Q

Can cause cyanide toxicity

A

Nitroprusside

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28
Q

Cause vasodilation by increasing NO in vascular smooth muscle leading to increased cGMP and smooth muscle relaxation

A

Nitrates

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29
Q

Effect of nitrates on vessels at low doses

A

Veins&raquo_space; arteries leads to decreased preload

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30
Q

Effect of nitrates on vessels at higher doses

A

Arteries > veins leads to decreased afterload

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31
Q

Indications for nitrates

A

Angina, ACS, pulmonary edema

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32
Q

When are nitrates contraindicated

A

Right ventricular infarction

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33
Q

Biochemical precursor of nitric oxide

A

Arginine

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34
Q

Nitrate side effects

A

Reflex tachycardia, HoTN, flushing, headache and “Monday disease” in industrial exposure

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35
Q

Hydralazine MOA

A

Increase cGMP causing smooth muscle relaxation

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36
Q

Effect of hydralazine on vessels

A

Vasodilates arterioles > veins decreasing afterload

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37
Q

Goal of antianginal therapy

A

Reduce myocardial O2 consumption by decreasing >1 of HR, BP, EDV and contractility

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38
Q

Drug given with nitrates to prevent reflex tachycardia

A

B-blockers

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39
Q

B-blockers that should be used with caution in angina

A

Pinodolol and acebutolol (partial B-agonists)

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40
Q

CCB that is similar to B-blockers in effect

A

Verapamil

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41
Q

Partial B-blockers

A

Pinodolol and acebutolol

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42
Q

What are the nitrates

A

Nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate

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43
Q

Antianginal that inhibits the late phase of sodium current causing reduction in diastolic wall tension and O2 consumption without affecting contractility

A

Ranolazine

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44
Q

Indications for ranolazine

A

Refractory angina

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45
Q

Antianginal that causes constipation, dizziness, headache, nausea, and QT prolongation

A

Ranolazine

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46
Q

Selective PDE-3 inhibitor indicated for short-term use in acute decompensated HF

A

Milrinone

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47
Q

Milrinone side effects

A

Arrhythmias and hypotension

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48
Q

Milrinone MOA on cardiomyocytes

A

Increases cAMP causing Ca influx leading to increased inotropy and chronotropy

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49
Q

Milrinone MOA on vascular smooth muscle

A

Increases cAMP inhibiting MLCK and causing general vasodilation

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50
Q

Lipid lowering agents that causes myopathy when used with fibrates or niacin

A

Statins

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51
Q

Mechanism of statins

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

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52
Q

Cholesterol precursor that is inhibited by use of statins

A

Mevalonate

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53
Q

Effect of statins on CAD patients

A

Decreases mortality

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54
Q

Lipid lowering agent that causes hepatotoxicity

A

Statins

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55
Q

Lipid lowering agents that inhibit HMG-CoA reductase

A

Statins

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56
Q

Lipid lowering agent that causes decreased absorption of other drugs and fat soluble vitamins

A

Bile acid resins

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57
Q

Bile acid resin drugs

A

Cholestyramine
Colestipol
Colesevelam

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58
Q

Lipid lowering agent that prevents intestinal reabsorption of bile acids causing liver to use cholesterol to make more

A

Bile acid resins

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59
Q

Lipid lowering agent that slightly increases HDL and triglyceride levels with moderate decrease in LDL levels

A

Bile acid resins

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60
Q

Side effect of Bile acid resins

A

GI upset

Decrease absorption of drugs and fat soluble vitamins

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61
Q

Lipid lowering agent that causes rare increases in LFTs and diarrhea

A

Ezetimibe

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62
Q

Lipid lowering agent that prevents absorption at intestinal brush border

A

Ezetimibe

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63
Q

Lipid lowering agent with moderate decrease in LDL, minimal to no increase in HDL, and minimal to no decrease in triglyceride levels

A

Ezetimibe

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64
Q

Lipid lowering agent that can cause myopathies and cholesterol gallstones

A

Fibrates

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65
Q

Myopathy risk with fibrates is increased when used in combination with what other lipid lowering agents

A

HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)

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66
Q

Side effect of Ezetimibe

A

Rare LFTs and diarrhea

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67
Q

Fibrate drugs

A

Gemrfibrozil
Bezafibrate
Fenofibrate

68
Q

Lipid lowering agents with minimal decrease in LDL, minimal increase in HDL and marked decrease in triglyceride levels

A

Fibrates

69
Q

Lipid lowering agents that activates PPAR-a to induce HDL synthesis

A

Fibrates

70
Q

Lipid lowering agents upregulate LDL to increase triglyceride clearance

A

Fibrates

71
Q

Side effect of fibrates

A

Myopathy (increased with statins) and cholesterol gallstones

72
Q

Side effect of niacin

A

Flushing
Hyperglycemia
Hyperuricemia

73
Q

Lipid lowering agent that increases risk of gout, diabetes, and can cause acanthosis nigricans

A

Niacin

74
Q

Lipid lowering agents with moderate decrease in LDL, moderate increase in HDL, and minimal decrease in triglyceride levels

A

Niacin

75
Q

Lipid lowering agents that inhibit lipolysis in adipose tissue and reduce hepatic VLDL synthesis

A

Niacin

76
Q

Enzyme that is inhibited by niacin in order to inhibit lipolysis

A

Hormone-sensitive lipase

77
Q

Drug taken to reduce flushing caused by niacin

A

NSAIDs

78
Q

Best lipid lowering agent to take to decrease LDL and increase HDL

A

Niacin

79
Q

Best lipid lowering agent to take to decrease LDL

A

Statins and PCSK9 inhibitors

80
Q

Best lipid lowering agent to take to decrease triglycerides

A

Fibrates

81
Q

Lipid lowering agents that cause myalgias, delirium, dementia, and other neurocognitive effects

A

PCSK9 inhibitors

82
Q

Lipid lowering agents which inactivate LDL receptor degradation increasing removal of LDL from blood

A

PCSK9 inhibitors

83
Q

Lipid lowering agents with marked decreases in LDL, minimal increases in HDL, minimal decreases in triglycerides

A

PCKSK9 inhibitors and HMG CoA reductase inhibitors

84
Q

Cardiac glycoside that directly inhibits Na/K/ATPase

A

Digoxin

85
Q

Digoxin MOA to increase intracellular Ca levels

A

Direct inhibition of Na/K/ATPase causing indirect inhibition of Na/Ca exchanger increasing intracellular Ca levels leading to positive inotropy

86
Q

What are the two mechanisms of Digoxin

A

Direct inhibition of Na/K/ATPase leading to positive inotropy
Stimulates vagus causing decreased HR

87
Q

Indications for digoxin

A

HF - increases contractility

A-fib - AV node conduction decreased and SA node depressed

88
Q

Changes seen on ECG with digoxin

A

Increased PR, decreased QT interval and T-wave inversions

89
Q

Digoxin side effects

A

Cholinergic effects, arrhythmias, AV block, hyperkalemia

90
Q

Drugs that displace digoxin from tissue-binding sites and decrease its clearance

A

Verapamil, amiodarone, quinidine

91
Q

Treatment for digoxin toxicity

A
  1. slowly normalize K
  2. cardiac pacemaker
  3. anti-digoxin Fab fragments
  4. give magnesium
92
Q

Side effect of digoxin toxicity that indicates poor prognosis

A

Hyperkalemia

93
Q

Predisposing factor for digoxin toxicity that decreases its clearance

A

renal failure

94
Q

Predisposing factor for digoxin toxicity that is permissive for digoxin binding to K site on Na/K/ATPase

A

Hypokalemia

95
Q

Class IA antiarrhythmic that causes headache and tinnitus

A

Quinidine

96
Q

Class IA antiarrhythmic that causes reversible SLE-like syndrome

A

Procainamide

97
Q

Class IA antiarrhythmic that cause HF

A

Disopyramide

98
Q

Indicated for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, especially re-entrant and ectopic SVT and VT

A

Class IA antiarrhythmics

99
Q

Antiarrhythmic that can cause torsades de pointes

A

Class IA antiarrhythmics

100
Q

Antiarrhythmics that increase AP, ERP, QT

A

Class IA antiarrhythmics

101
Q

Antiarrhythmics that decrease AP, ERP, QT

A

Class IB antiarrhythmics

102
Q

Class I antiarrhythmics with some potassium channel blocking

A

Class IA antiarrhythmics

103
Q

Class I antiarrhythmic with minimal decrease on slope of phase 0

A

Class IB antiarrhythmics

104
Q

Class I antiarrhythmic with marked decrease on slope of phase 0

A

Class IC antiarrhythmics

105
Q

Antiarrhythmics with significant increase in ERP in AV node and accessory bypass tracts, no effect on ERP in Purkinje and ventricular tissue and normal AP duration

A

Class IC antiarrhythmics

106
Q

Class I antiarrhythmics have the most effect on which phase of action potential

A

Phase 0

107
Q

Which phase of myocyte action potential is not modulated by any antiarrhythmic

A

Phase 1 and Phase 4

108
Q

Phase II (plateau phase) of myocyte action potential is blocked by which class of antiarrhythmics

A

Class IV (CCBs)

109
Q

Antiarrhythmics indicated post-MI for acute ventricular arrhythmias and digitalis-induced arrhythmias

A

Class IB

110
Q

Sodium channels are blocked by which class of antiarrhythmics

A

Class I antiarrhythmics

111
Q

Antiarrhythmics that preferentially affect ischemic or depolarized Purkinje and ventricular tissue

A

Class IB antiarrhythmics

112
Q

Anti-epileptic drug indicated for post-MI acute ventricular arrhythmias or digitalis-induced arrhythmias

A

Phenytoin

113
Q

Anti-epileptic drug that can fall under Class IB antiarrhythmics

A

Phenytoin

114
Q

Class I antiarrhythmics that can cause CNS stimulation or depression and cardiovascular depression

A

Class IB antiarrhythmics

115
Q

Class IB antiarrhythmics

A

Lidocaine and Mexiletine

116
Q

Class IC antiarrhythmics

A

Flecainide and Propafenone

117
Q

Class I antiarrhythmic indicated for SVTs, including a-fib

A

Class IC antiarrhythmics

118
Q

Class I antiarrhythmic used only as a last resort in refractory VT

A

Class IC antiarrhythmics

119
Q

Antiarrhythmic contraindicated post-MI because of its pro-arrhythmic properties

A

Class IC antiarrhythmics

120
Q

Mechanism of Class II antiarrhythmics

A

B-blockers

121
Q

Effect of Class II antiarrhythmics on conductivity of the heart

A

Decrease SA and AV nodal activity by decreasing cAMP and calcium currents

122
Q

Which phase of the pacemaker action potential is affected by Class II antiarrhythmics

A

Slope of phase 4 is depressed

123
Q

Very short acting beta blocker

A

Esmolol

124
Q

Which node is more sensitive to Class II antiarrhythmics

A

AV node causing increased PR interval

125
Q

Antiarrhytmics indicated for SVT and ventricular control for a-fib and atrial flutter

A

Class II antiarrhythmics

126
Q

Antiarrhythmics that cause exacerbation of COPD and asthma

A

Class II antiarrhythmics

127
Q

Antiarrhythmics that cause impotence, sedation, and sleep alterations

A

Class II antiarrhythmics

128
Q

Class II antiarrhythmic that can cause dyslipidemia

A

Metoprolol

129
Q

Class II antiarrhythmics that can exacerbate Prinzmetal angina

A

Propranolol

130
Q

Beta blockers that are safe to give alone for cocaine toxicity or pheochromocytoma

A

Carvedilol and Labetalol

131
Q

Antiarrhythmics contraindicated in cocaine toxicity or pheochromocytoma because of unopposed a-agonism

A

Beta blockers (except carvedilol and labetalol)

132
Q

Beta blockers that are non-selective alpha and beta antagonists

A

Carvedilol and Labetalol

133
Q

Treatment for beta blocker toxicity

A

Glucagon, Atropine, Saline (GAS)

134
Q

Drugs contraindicated with beta blockers due to worsening of HoTN and conduction abnormalities

A

TCAs

135
Q

Class III antiarrhythmics

A

Amiodarone, Ibutilide, Dofetilide, Sotalol (AIDS)

136
Q

Class III antiarrhythmics mechanism of action

A

Increase AP, ERP, an QT

137
Q

Antiarrhythmics which increase AP, ERP, an QT by affecting phase 3

A

Class III antiarrhythmics

138
Q

Antiarrhythmics with markedly prolonged repolarization

A

Class III antiarrhythmics

139
Q

Class III antiarrhythmic indicated for ventricular tachycardia

A

Amiodarone and Sotalol

140
Q

Indication for Class III antiarrhythmics

A 
Atrial flutter and a-fib
Ventricular tachycardia (Amiodarone and Sotalol only)
141
Q

Class III antiarrhythmics that causes torsades de pointes and excessive beta blockade

A

Sotalol

142
Q

Antiarrhytmics that can cause torsades de pointes

A

Sotalol, Ibutilide and Class IA antiarrhythmics

143
Q

Antiarrhythmic with Class I, II, III, and IV effects

A

Amiodarone

144
Q

What labs need to be drawn when using Amiodarone

A

PFTs, LFTs, and TFTs

145
Q

Pulmonary side effect of Amiodarone

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

146
Q

Endocrine side effect of Amiodarone

A

Hypo or hyperthyroidism

147
Q

GI effect of Amiodarone

A

Hepatotoxicity

148
Q

Skin effects of Amiodarone

A

Blue/gray skin deposits resulting in photodermatitis

149
Q

Eye effects of Amiodarone

A

Corneal deposits

150
Q

Cardiovascular effects of Amiodarone

A

Bradycardia, heart block, HF

151
Q

Channels blocked by Class III antiarrhythmics

A

Potassium channels

152
Q

Class IV antiarrhythmics

A

Diltiazem and Verapamil

153
Q

Effect of Class IV antiarrhythmics on pacemaker action potential

A

Decrease conduction velocity, increased ERP, and PR interval

154
Q

Antiarrhythmics that decrease conduction velocity, increased ERP, and PR interval of pacemaker action potential

A

Class IV antiarrhythmics

155
Q

Antiarrhythmics indicated for prevention of nodal arrhythmias and rate control in a-fib

A

Class IV antiarrhythmics

156
Q

Antiarrhythmics that cause constipation, flushing, edema, HF, AV block, and sinus node depression

A

Class IV antiarrhythmics

157
Q

Class IV antiarrhythmics block which channels

A

Calcium channels

158
Q

Drug of choice in diagnosing and terminating certain forms of SVT

A

Adenosine

159
Q

Antiarrhythmic that decreases AV node conduction by increasing K out of cell causing hyperpolarization and decreased intracellular calcium

A

Adenosine

160
Q

Duration of action of Adenosine

A

About 15 seconds

161
Q

Adenosine receptor antagonist that blunt the affects of adenosine

A

Caffeine and theophylline

162
Q

Antiarrhythmic that causes flushing, HoTN, CP, sense of impending doom and bronchospasms

A

Adenosine

163
Q

Given for treatment of torsades de pointes and digoxin toxicity

A

Magnesium

164
Q

Antiarrhythmic indicated for chronic stable angina in patients who cannot take B-blockers

A

Ivabradine

165
Q

Antiarrhythmic indicated for reduced ejection fraction and chronic HF

A

Ivabradine

166
Q

Antiarrhythmic that selectively inhibits I-funny channels, prolonging slow depolarization phase (phase 4)

A

Ivabradine

167
Q

Antiarrhythmic that causes luminous phenomena or visual brightness, HTN and bradycardia

A

Ivabradine

Step 1 Cardiovascular-First Aid 2017 (5 decks)

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