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FINALS > PHARMACOLOGY > Flashcards

PHARMACOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

ADR: Dry Mouth

A

MAOIs
Anti-histamines
Phenothiazines
Amphetamines

Treat with Pilocarpine (Muscarinic Receptor Agonist)

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2
Q

What are the PY450 Inhibitors?

A 
Sodium Valproate
Isonazids
Cimetidine
Ketonazole + Fluconazole (anti-fungals)
Fluoxetine
Alcohol
Clarithromycin
Erythromycin
Sulphonamides
Ciprofloxacin
Omeprazole
Metronidazole
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3
Q

What are the PY450 Inducers?

A 
Carbemazapine
Rifampicin
Alcohol (chronic)
Phenytoin
Sulphonylureas and St. John's
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4
Q

What are the ADRs of ACEi?

A

Cough
Urticaria
Hyperkalaemia

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5
Q

What are the ADRs of CCBs?

A

Flushing
Ankle swelling (so don’t give in peripheral oedema)
Headache

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6
Q

What are the ADRs of Thiazides?

A

Hyponatraemia and kalaemia
Dehydration
Gout

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7
Q

What are the ADRs of A2RBs?

A

Hyperkalaemia

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8
Q

Carbimazole

A

Carbimazole

Carbimazole is used in the management of thyrotoxicosis. It is typically given in high doses for 6 weeks until the patient becomes euthyroid before being reduced.

Adverse effects
agranulocytosis
crosses the placenta, but may be used in low doses during pregnancy

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9
Q

What are the ADRs of Methotrexate?

A 
mucositis
myelosuppression
pneumonitis
pulmonary fibrosis
liver cirrhosis
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10
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

Achilles tendon rupture

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11
Q

ADRs of Rifampicin

A

LFT derangement

Red secretions

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12
Q

ADRs of Isonazid

A

Peripheral neuropathy (give with pyroxidine)

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13
Q

ADRs of Pyrazinamide

A

Hepatotoxic

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14
Q

ADRs Ethanbutol

A

Optic neuritis

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15
Q

ADRs of COCP

A

Phenytoin may reduce effectiveness
Hepatocecullar carcinoma and jaundice

Chloasma: increased facial and areolar pigmentation

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16
Q

What drugs can cause photosensitivity?

A 
Amiodarone
Chorprompamide
Sulphonamides
Quinine
Psoralens
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17
Q

What are the ADRS of ACEi?

A

• Cough

• Hyperkalaemia

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18
Q

What are the ADRS of Bendroflumethiazide?

A

• Gout
• Hypokalaemia
• Hyponatraemia
• Impaired glucose tolerance

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19
Q

What are the ADRS of Calcium Channel Blockers?

A

• Headache
• Flushing
• Ankle oedema

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20
Q

What are the ADRS of Beta Blockers?

A

Bronchospasm (especially in asthmatics)
• Fatigue
• Cold peripheries

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21
Q

What is the ADR of Doxazocin?

A

Postural hypotension

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22
Q

What drugs may induce Hypoglycaemia?

A

Alcohol
B-Blockers
Pentamidine
Quinine

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23
Q

ACEi and renal function

A

fall in GFR up to 25%

or

rise in creatinine up to 30% is acceptable

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24
Q

ADR: Gallstone

A
  • Ceftriaxone
  • Ecterotide
  • Cholestyramine due to increased cholesterol in bile
25
Q

Iron overdose

A

Desferrioxamine

26
Q

ARDs: SSRIs

A 
GI&STRESS
GI: bleeds, nausea, dyspepsia, bloating, flatulence, diarrhoea and constipation
Sweating
Tremor
Rashes
Extrapyramidal
Sexual dysfunction
Somnolence
Hyponatraemia
27
Q

ARDs: SNRIs

A 
HTN/HoTN
Sweating
Cardiotoxic in overdose- long QTc
Nausea
Dry mouth
Headache and dizziness
Sexual dysfunction
28
Q

ADRs: Mirtazapine

A 
Increase appetite-weight gain
Drowsiness
Dry mouth
Postural hypotension
Tachycardia and palpitations
Oedema
29
Q

ANTIDEPRESSANTS

A

Overall pretty much all cause sexual dysfunction. Many have cholinergic type sympathetic (fight or flight) stimulation resulting in sweating, dry mouth, constipation urinary retention, cardiac response. SSRIs cause GI upsets. SNRIs can be cardiotoxic. All except SSRIs and SNRIs can cause significant appetite stimulation and subsequent weight gain.

There are two MAO enzymes
A: adrenaline, noradrenaline, serotonin, tyramine and dopamine
B: dopamine

30
Q

ADRs: TCAs

A

They essentially activate the FIGHT or FLIGHT response due to their activity on the cholinergic receptors. Can also cause CONVULSIONS and MOVEMENT DISORDERS.

CLOSED-ANGLE GLAUCOMA due to ANTICHOLINERGICS properties. Pupul dilates and compresses the Schlemm canals so aqueous humour cannot flow through causing a rapid build-up of pressure.

31
Q

SEROTONIN SYNDOME

A

! SEROTONIN SYNDROME: Rare but life-threatening complication of increased serotonin activity occurring minutes after taking medication, often two serotonin affecting drugs simultaneously (SSRIs most commonly but also TCA and lithium) STOP DRUG IMMEDIATELY
1. COGNITIVE EFFECTS-> headache, agitation, hypomania, confusion, hallucinations and coma
2. AUTONOMIC EFFECTS-> shivering, sweating, hyperthermia, hypertension and tachycardia
3. SOMATIC EFFECTS-> myoclonus (muscle twitching), hyperreflexia and tremor
eventually leads to death

32
Q

ALPHA-BLOCKERS

A

e.g. DOXAZOSIN

Postural HoTN
Drowsiness
Dyspnoea
Cough

33
Q

B-BLOCKER OVERDOSE

A
  • bradycardia
  • hypotension
  • heart failure
  • syncope

if bradycardic then ATROPINE
in resistant cases GLUCAGON may be used

34
Q

ADRs: Verapamil

A
  • Heart failure
  • constipation
  • hypotension
  • bradycardia, flushing
35
Q

ADRs: Amlodipine

A
  • Ankle swelling
  • Headache
  • Flushing
36
Q

ADRs: Diltiazem

A
  • Ankle swelling
  • Heart failure
  • HoTN
  • Bradycardia
37
Q

DIGOXIN TOXICITY

A

generally unwell, lethargy, nausea & vomiting, anorexia, confusion, yellow-green vision
arrhythmias (e.g. AV block, bradycardia)
gynaecomastia

PRECIPITATED BY HYPOKALAEMIA and RENAL FAILURE

38
Q

DOPAMINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS INDICATIONS

A

Parkinson’s disease

prolactinoma/galactorrhoea

acromegaly

39
Q

ADRs: DOPAMINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS

A

nausea/vomiting
postural hypotension
hallucinations
daytime somnolence

40
Q

drugs that cause URINARY RETENTION

A 
TCAs
anticholinergics
opioids
NSAIDs
disopyramide
41
Q

drug that cause CATARACTS

A

steroids

42
Q

drug that cause CORNEAL OPACITIES

A

amiodarone

43
Q

drugs that cause OPTIC NEURITIS

A

Metronidazole
Amiodarone
Ethambutol

44
Q

durgs that cause RETINOPATHY

A

chloroquine

quinine

45
Q

SILDENAFIL (Viagra)

A

blue vision

anterior ischaemic neuropathy

46
Q

ADRs: Gentamicin

A

ototoxicity

nephrotoxicity

47
Q

ADRs: Heparin

A

Bleeding
STANDARD:
Osteoporosis
Heparin-induce thrombocytopaenia

48
Q

LITHIUM TOXICITY

A 
coarse tremor (a fine tremor is seen in therapeutic levels)
hyperreflexia
acute confusion
seizure
coma
49
Q

ADRs: Macrolides

A

GI.
erythromycin: nausea

cholestatic jaundice

P450 inhibitor (see below)

50
Q

ADRs: amoxicillin

A

in mono results in RASH

51
Q

ADRs: Co-amoxiclav

Flucloxacillin

A

Cholestasis

52
Q

ADRs: Erythromycin

A

GI

Long QT

53
Q

ADRs: Ciprofloxacin

A

Low seizure threshold

Tendonitis

54
Q

ADRs: Metronidazole

A

Reacts with alcohol

55
Q

ADRs: Doxycycline

A

Photosensitivity

56
Q

ADRs: Trimethoprim

A

Photosensitivity
Rashes and Pruritis
Surpresses haematopoiesis

57
Q

ADRs: Antipsychotics

A
  • Parkinsonism
  • acute dystonia (e.g. torticollis, oculogyric crisis)
  • akathisia (severe restlessness)
  • tardive dyskinesia (late onset of choreoathetoid movements, abnormal, most common is chewing and pouting of jaw)
  • antimuscarinic: dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation
    sedation, weight gain
  • raised prolactin: galactorrhoea, impaired glucose tolerance
  • neuroleptic malignant syndrome
  • reduced seizure threshold (greater with atypicals)
  • prolonged QT interval (particularly haloperidol)
58
Q

NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME

A

pyrexia, muscle stiffness

FINALS (13 decks)

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