Pharmacology Flashcards
Information is based on my knowledge
Acetylcholine, Pilocarpine and Carbachol are what class of medications?
Direct Cholinergic Agonists
What is the name and what is the MOA for Myasthenia Gravis Medication?
Edrophonium, Pyridostigmine, Neostigmine and Echothiophate
MOA: Indirect Cholinergic Agonist
What is the only Alpha 1 specific Ocular medication?
Phenylephrine
What is the MOA of Naphazoline and Tetrahydrozaline?
a1/a2 non specific Adernergic Agonist
What is a severe side effect of Pilocarpine?
RD
Which ocular medication helps with Accommodation Esotropia?
Echothiophate
Which Ocular Cholinergic Antagonist is safe to use for KIDS?
Cyclopentolate
Note: Tropicamide is safe systemically
Which medication is used to diagnose between Episcleritis vs. Scleritis and what is the MOA of that medication?
Phenylephrine
MOA: A1 specific Adrenerguc Agonist
Which Beta blocker impacts congestive heart failure and what is the MOA?
Betaxolol ; however it is neuroprotective
B1 Specific Adrenergic Antagonist
Which Beta Blocker is known to have a crossover affect?
Timolol
What type of cataract is formed with the usage of Topical Steroids?
PSC cataract
What is the MOA of an NSAID?
Blocking COX-1 and COX-2
Which staining agent is known to stain dead devitalized tissue but also cause stinging on instillation?
Rose Bengal
Which staining dye should not be used when trying to culture for a suspected virus?
Lissamine Green
Which staining dye should not be used when trying to culture for a suspected bacterial agent?
Methylene Blue
Which of the two, Bacteriostatic or Bacteriocidal, is Methylene Blue possibly used for?
Bacteriostatic
What is the MOA of a local anesthetic?
a) Block nerve conduction
b) Change membrane permeability by stopping the influx of Na+ ions into the nerve cytoplasm
c) No depolarization
Which type of Anesthetic is associated with Liver metabolism? Amide or Ester based?
Amide (Lidocaine)
Note: Ester based is associated with local metabolism (Proparacaine and Benoxinate)
What is one of the most common side effects of a2 specific agonists?
Dry mouth
What ion dictates Cl- excretion from the cornea to the tear film?
K+
What dictates the reassortation of Na+ into the endothelium?
H+ ions
What is the main process the cornea recieves Glucose?
Anaerobic glycolsus
Where is Glucose the highest concentration; tears or AH?
AH is the primary contributor of glucose to all corneal layers.
What metabolic product is known to degrade Corneal Basement membrane hemidesmisomes?
MMP’s
Note: When RCE occurs, we give a corticosteroids and tetracyclines to decrease the activity of MMP’s
Which 2 corneal layers cannot re-generate?
Bowman’s and Endothelium
Which 2 corneal layers can regenerate?
Epithlium and Descemet’s
What happens to the diameter of the lens when accommodation occurs?
Decrease
Which structure in the eye has the highest amount of protein in the body?
Lens
What enzyme is depleted when the sorbitol pathway allows water into the lens and causes swelling?
Hexokinase
What is the primary protector against oxidative damage in the lens?
Glutathione.
Note: Glutathione decreases as we age, thus formation of a cataract occurs.
What is the only layer of the lens that is has lens fibers formed by the posterior lens epithelium?
Embryonic
Which part of the lens has the largest demand for energy?
Anterior lens epithelium
At what age are Alpha crystallins depleted in the lens?
Age 45
What is the rate of increase in lens per year?
0.02mm/year
What has the thickest basement membrane in the body? What type of collagen are we talking about?
Anterior mid-peripheral portion of the lens. Type 4 collagen
As we age, what happens to the thickness of the overall choroid?
Decreases.
Note: Choriocapillaris will decrease in size, but Bruch’s Membrane will increase in size.
What happens to bioavailability of a drug entering the posterior chamber?
Decreases
What is the volume of the vitreous? What is the volume of the eye?
Vitreous = 4mL and Eye = 5mL
What type of collagen is the vitreous?
Type 2
Where is iodopsin located in the cones?
Invagination of the plasma membrane
What is the pre-cursor to 11-cis-Retinal?
Vitamin A
What is the 3 stage pathway for photopigment?
Inner segment –> Cilium –> Outer segment
Phenomenom named for color of clouds being white?
Tyndall
Law for poloroid sunglasses?
Brewsters Law
What is the name of the phenomenom when reddish-orange colors are seeing during a sunset?
Rayleigh’s Scattering
Which direction of light is premitted through poloroid lenses?
Vertical
What type of fusional vergence is needed when testing NRA?
PFV
What does greater than 2.50 D indicate during NRA?
Over minused Rx
Bagolini lenses with V pattern, means what?
Esotropia
Bagolini lenses with / pattern means what?
OS suppression
Which layer of the conjunctiva holds IgA or the immunological acitve site?
Stroma
What 2 are 2 items that travel through the carotid canal?
Internal Carotid artery and sympathtetic plexus.