Pharmacology

Question 1

Acetylcholine, Pilocarpine and Carbachol are what class of medications?

Answer 1

Direct Cholinergic Agonists

Question 2

What is the name and what is the MOA for Myasthenia Gravis Medication?

Answer 2

Edrophonium, Pyridostigmine, Neostigmine and Echothiophate

MOA: Indirect Cholinergic Agonist

Question 3

What is the only Alpha 1 specific Ocular medication?

Answer 3

Phenylephrine

Question 4

What is the MOA of Naphazoline and Tetrahydrozaline?

Answer 4

a1/a2 non specific Adernergic Agonist

Question 5

What is a severe side effect of Pilocarpine?

Answer 5

RD

Question 6

Which ocular medication helps with Accommodation Esotropia?

Answer 6

Echothiophate

Question 7

Which Ocular Cholinergic Antagonist is safe to use for KIDS?

Answer 7

Cyclopentolate

Note: Tropicamide is safe systemically

Question 8

Which medication is used to diagnose between Episcleritis vs. Scleritis and what is the MOA of that medication?

Answer 8

Phenylephrine

MOA: A1 specific Adrenerguc Agonist

Question 9

Which Beta blocker impacts congestive heart failure and what is the MOA?

Answer 9

Betaxolol ; however it is neuroprotective

B1 Specific Adrenergic Antagonist

Question 10

Which Beta Blocker is known to have a crossover affect?

Answer 10

Timolol

Question 11

What type of cataract is formed with the usage of Topical Steroids?

Answer 11

PSC cataract

Question 12

What is the MOA of an NSAID?

Answer 12

Blocking COX-1 and COX-2

Question 13

Which staining agent is known to stain dead devitalized tissue but also cause stinging on instillation?

Answer 13

Rose Bengal

Question 14

Which staining dye should not be used when trying to culture for a suspected virus?

Answer 14

Lissamine Green

Question 15

Which staining dye should not be used when trying to culture for a suspected bacterial agent?

Answer 15

Methylene Blue

Question 16

Which of the two, Bacteriostatic or Bacteriocidal, is Methylene Blue possibly used for?

Answer 16

Bacteriostatic

Question 17

What is the MOA of a local anesthetic?

Answer 17

a) Block nerve conduction
b) Change membrane permeability by stopping the influx of Na+ ions into the nerve cytoplasm
c) No depolarization

Question 18

Which type of Anesthetic is associated with Liver metabolism? Amide or Ester based?

Answer 18

Amide (Lidocaine)

Note: Ester based is associated with local metabolism (Proparacaine and Benoxinate)

Question 19

What is one of the most common side effects of a2 specific agonists?

Answer 19

Dry mouth

Question 20

What ion dictates Cl- excretion from the cornea to the tear film?

Answer 20

K+

Question 21

What dictates the reassortation of Na+ into the endothelium?

Answer 21

H+ ions

Question 22

What is the main process the cornea recieves Glucose?

Answer 22

Anaerobic glycolsus

Question 23

Where is Glucose the highest concentration; tears or AH?

Answer 23

AH is the primary contributor of glucose to all corneal layers.

Question 24

What metabolic product is known to degrade Corneal Basement membrane hemidesmisomes?

Answer 24

MMP’s

Note: When RCE occurs, we give a corticosteroids and tetracyclines to decrease the activity of MMP’s

Question 25

Which 2 corneal layers cannot re-generate?

Answer 25

Bowman's and Endothelium

Question 26

Which 2 corneal layers can regenerate?

Answer 26

Epithlium and Descemet's

Question 27

What happens to the diameter of the lens when accommodation occurs?

Answer 27

Decrease

Question 28

Which structure in the eye has the highest amount of protein in the body?

Answer 28

Lens

Question 29

What enzyme is depleted when the sorbitol pathway allows water into the lens and causes swelling?

Answer 29

Hexokinase

Question 30

What is the primary protector against oxidative damage in the lens?

Answer 30

Glutathione. Note: Glutathione decreases as we age, thus formation of a cataract occurs.

Question 31

What is the only layer of the lens that is has lens fibers formed by the posterior lens epithelium?

Answer 31

Embryonic

Question 32

Which part of the lens has the largest demand for energy?

Answer 32

Anterior lens epithelium

Question 33

At what age are Alpha crystallins depleted in the lens?

Answer 33

Age 45

Question 34

What is the rate of increase in lens per year?

Answer 34

0.02mm/year

Question 35

What has the thickest basement membrane in the body? What type of collagen are we talking about?

Answer 35

Anterior mid-peripheral portion of the lens. Type 4 collagen

Question 36

As we age, what happens to the thickness of the overall choroid?

Answer 36

Decreases. Note: Choriocapillaris will decrease in size, but Bruch's Membrane will increase in size.

Question 37

What happens to bioavailability of a drug entering the posterior chamber?

Answer 37

Decreases

Question 38

What is the volume of the vitreous? What is the volume of the eye?

Answer 38

Vitreous = 4mL and Eye = 5mL

Question 39

What type of collagen is the vitreous?

Answer 39

Type 2

Question 40

Where is iodopsin located in the cones?

Answer 40

Invagination of the plasma membrane

Question 41

What is the pre-cursor to 11-cis-Retinal?

Answer 41

Vitamin A

Question 42

What is the 3 stage pathway for photopigment?

Answer 42

Inner segment --> Cilium --> Outer segment

Question 43

Phenomenom named for color of clouds being white?

Answer 43

Tyndall

Question 44

Law for poloroid sunglasses?

Answer 44

Brewsters Law

Question 45

What is the name of the phenomenom when reddish-orange colors are seeing during a sunset?

Answer 45

Rayleigh's Scattering

Question 46

Which direction of light is premitted through poloroid lenses?

Answer 46

Vertical

Question 47

What type of fusional vergence is needed when testing NRA?

Answer 47

PFV

Question 48

What does greater than 2.50 D indicate during NRA?

Answer 48

Over minused Rx

Question 49

Bagolini lenses with V pattern, means what?

Answer 49

Esotropia

Question 50

Bagolini lenses with / pattern means what?

Answer 50

OS suppression

Question 51

Which layer of the conjunctiva holds IgA or the immunological acitve site?

Answer 51

Stroma

Question 52

What 2 are 2 items that travel through the carotid canal?

Answer 52

Internal Carotid artery and sympathtetic plexus.