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Part 1 - NBEO Prep > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

Information is based on my knowledge

1
Q

Acetylcholine, Pilocarpine and Carbachol are what class of medications?

A

Direct Cholinergic Agonists

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2
Q

What is the name and what is the MOA for Myasthenia Gravis Medication?

A

Edrophonium, Pyridostigmine, Neostigmine and Echothiophate

MOA: Indirect Cholinergic Agonist

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3
Q

What is the only Alpha 1 specific Ocular medication?

A

Phenylephrine

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4
Q

What is the MOA of Naphazoline and Tetrahydrozaline?

A

a1/a2 non specific Adernergic Agonist

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5
Q

What is a severe side effect of Pilocarpine?

A

RD

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6
Q

Which ocular medication helps with Accommodation Esotropia?

A

Echothiophate

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7
Q

Which Ocular Cholinergic Antagonist is safe to use for KIDS?

A

Cyclopentolate

Note: Tropicamide is safe systemically

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8
Q

Which medication is used to diagnose between Episcleritis vs. Scleritis and what is the MOA of that medication?

A

Phenylephrine

MOA: A1 specific Adrenerguc Agonist

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9
Q

Which Beta blocker impacts congestive heart failure and what is the MOA?

A

Betaxolol ; however it is neuroprotective

B1 Specific Adrenergic Antagonist

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10
Q

Which Beta Blocker is known to have a crossover affect?

A

Timolol

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11
Q

What type of cataract is formed with the usage of Topical Steroids?

A

PSC cataract

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12
Q

What is the MOA of an NSAID?

A

Blocking COX-1 and COX-2

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13
Q

Which staining agent is known to stain dead devitalized tissue but also cause stinging on instillation?

A

Rose Bengal

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14
Q

Which staining dye should not be used when trying to culture for a suspected virus?

A

Lissamine Green

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15
Q

Which staining dye should not be used when trying to culture for a suspected bacterial agent?

A

Methylene Blue

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16
Q

Which of the two, Bacteriostatic or Bacteriocidal, is Methylene Blue possibly used for?

A

Bacteriostatic

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17
Q

What is the MOA of a local anesthetic?

A

a) Block nerve conduction
b) Change membrane permeability by stopping the influx of Na+ ions into the nerve cytoplasm
c) No depolarization

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18
Q

Which type of Anesthetic is associated with Liver metabolism? Amide or Ester based?

A

Amide (Lidocaine)

Note: Ester based is associated with local metabolism (Proparacaine and Benoxinate)

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19
Q

What is one of the most common side effects of a2 specific agonists?

A

Dry mouth

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20
Q

What ion dictates Cl- excretion from the cornea to the tear film?

A

K+

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21
Q

What dictates the reassortation of Na+ into the endothelium?

A

H+ ions

22
Q

What is the main process the cornea recieves Glucose?

A

Anaerobic glycolsus

23
Q

Where is Glucose the highest concentration; tears or AH?

A

AH is the primary contributor of glucose to all corneal layers.

24
Q

What metabolic product is known to degrade Corneal Basement membrane hemidesmisomes?

A

MMP’s

Note: When RCE occurs, we give a corticosteroids and tetracyclines to decrease the activity of MMP’s

25
Q

Which 2 corneal layers cannot re-generate?

A

Bowman’s and Endothelium

26
Q

Which 2 corneal layers can regenerate?

A

Epithlium and Descemet’s

27
Q

What happens to the diameter of the lens when accommodation occurs?

A

Decrease

28
Q

Which structure in the eye has the highest amount of protein in the body?

A

Lens

29
Q

What enzyme is depleted when the sorbitol pathway allows water into the lens and causes swelling?

A

Hexokinase

30
Q

What is the primary protector against oxidative damage in the lens?

A

Glutathione.

Note: Glutathione decreases as we age, thus formation of a cataract occurs.

31
Q

What is the only layer of the lens that is has lens fibers formed by the posterior lens epithelium?

A

Embryonic

32
Q

Which part of the lens has the largest demand for energy?

A

Anterior lens epithelium

33
Q

At what age are Alpha crystallins depleted in the lens?

A

Age 45

34
Q

What is the rate of increase in lens per year?

A

0.02mm/year

35
Q

What has the thickest basement membrane in the body? What type of collagen are we talking about?

A

Anterior mid-peripheral portion of the lens. Type 4 collagen

36
Q

As we age, what happens to the thickness of the overall choroid?

A

Decreases.

Note: Choriocapillaris will decrease in size, but Bruch’s Membrane will increase in size.

37
Q

What happens to bioavailability of a drug entering the posterior chamber?

A

Decreases

38
Q

What is the volume of the vitreous? What is the volume of the eye?

A

Vitreous = 4mL and Eye = 5mL

39
Q

What type of collagen is the vitreous?

A

Type 2

40
Q

Where is iodopsin located in the cones?

A

Invagination of the plasma membrane

41
Q

What is the pre-cursor to 11-cis-Retinal?

A

Vitamin A

42
Q

What is the 3 stage pathway for photopigment?

A

Inner segment –> Cilium –> Outer segment

43
Q

Phenomenom named for color of clouds being white?

A

Tyndall

44
Q

Law for poloroid sunglasses?

A

Brewsters Law

45
Q

What is the name of the phenomenom when reddish-orange colors are seeing during a sunset?

A

Rayleigh’s Scattering

46
Q

Which direction of light is premitted through poloroid lenses?

A

Vertical

47
Q

What type of fusional vergence is needed when testing NRA?

A

PFV

48
Q

What does greater than 2.50 D indicate during NRA?

A

Over minused Rx

49
Q

Bagolini lenses with V pattern, means what?

A

Esotropia

50
Q

Bagolini lenses with / pattern means what?

A

OS suppression

51
Q

Which layer of the conjunctiva holds IgA or the immunological acitve site?

A

Stroma

52
Q

What 2 are 2 items that travel through the carotid canal?

A

Internal Carotid artery and sympathtetic plexus.

Part 1 - NBEO Prep (4 decks)

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