Pharmacology

Question 1

Why should you not inject into the caudal half of a bird?

Answer 1

Due to the renal portal system- any drug would just be excreted

Question 2

What 3 things pose an issue with exotic pharmacology?

Answer 2

Small muscle masses
Renal portal system
Few licenced products

Question 3

Why should you not medicate via the water bowl?

Answer 3

Most sense it and therefore do not drink

Question 4

What’s the risk of injecting into a rabbits marginal ear vein?

Answer 4

Risk of sloughing

Question 5

Name a muscle and vein you could inject into in a rabbit and ferret

Answer 5

Cephalic

Cranial quadriceps

Question 6

If giving birds medication orally/enterally what do we need to do?

Answer 6

Stomach tube them

Question 7

Where is best for a SC injection in birds?

Answer 7

Skin on inner thigh 1/2 way between body and stifle

Question 8

IM muscles in birds are sometimes given in the pectorals. Which two birds can you not do this with?

Answer 8

Emus- not as well developed as these builds don’t fly

Neonates- as also little development

Question 9

Why do you need to avoid the cranial lateral thigh?

Answer 9

Renal portal system

Question 10

Which vein could you inject into in a bird!

Answer 10

Right jugular

Question 11

Which bone could you put drugs into in a bird?

Which would you avoid and why?

Answer 11

Distal ulna

Humerus as its pneumatic (and injecting would let the air out)

Question 12

Why can you not give drugs to reptiles that are not eating?

Answer 12

The GI tract shuts down between meals

Question 13

Are s/c injections practical in reptiles?

Answer 13

No

Question 14

Reptiles have a renal portal system to avoid injecting caudally. Where could you give IM injections in lizards and chelonions? Where in snakes?

Answer 14

Lizards and chel: upper arm

Snake: epaxials

Question 15

Veins to sample in chelonions?

Lizards and snakes?

Answer 15

Right jugular

Tail vein

Question 16

Lizards are the only reptiles when you can do an IO injection. Which is the only bone you can use?

Answer 16

Proximal tibia

Question 17

Name the bacteriocidal antibiotics

Answer 17

Remember: cats are my favourite pets. (Not Norman, would kill him, therefore cidal)

Cephalosporins 
Aminoglycosides
Metronidazole
Fluoroquinolones
Penicillin

Question 18

Pen and Ceph stop cell wall synthesis
Fluro and metron effect DNA
What do aminoglycosides do?

Answer 18

Inhibit protein synthesis

Question 19

Name the static antibiotics

Answer 19

Remember: mum, Tilly, laura, Sky, cuddle (all the girls cuddle)

Macrolides
Tetracyclines
Lincomysin
Sulphonamides
Chloramphenicol

Question 20

All these drugs inhibit protein synthesis, except one. Which one? And what does it do?

Answer 20

Sulphonamides

It inhibits folic acid synthesis

Question 21

Which antibiotics MUST be avoided in rabbits and why?

Answer 21

Penicillin, cephlosporins, lincosamides and macrolides

Because they wipe out resident microorganisms therefore disrupt the normal floral

Question 22

What is baytril?

Answer 22

Enrofloxacin

It’s therefore cidal, effects DNA

Question 23

Baytril is licenced in all exotics. What else is licenced for rabbits and reptiles?

Answer 23

Rabbits:
Sulphatrim (trimethoprim and sulphameth)
Isathal (fucidic acid)
Tiacil (gentamyscin)

Reptiles:
Sulphatrim

Question 24

What abs are licenced in ferrets?

Answer 24

None

Question 25

Recap the drug cascade

Answer 25

Must use licenced drug for that animal and condition If none, can use drug for same animal or same condition If none, can use human med authorised in UK. Or drug from EU country authorised for food animals

Question 26

State an ab you have to be careful with in birds and why

Answer 26

Fluros Because if given IM causes necrosis

Question 27

Reptiles are exothermic, why is this important to consider with drug admin

Answer 27

If they are kept at the wrong temp they metabolise drugs differently

Question 28

Which abs do you need to be careful with with reptiles and why?

Answer 28

Aminoglycosides Because they causes nephrotoxicity

Question 29

What challenges surround analgesia in exotics

Answer 29

Hide pain Reptiles metabolise depending on temp Faster metabolic rates Limited data

Question 30

Give an example of a pain scale used in exotics

Answer 30

Mouse grimace scale

Question 31

What things must you consider when administering analgesics

Answer 31

Will the procedure itself be painful? | Will it damage tissues?

Question 32

State some signs of pain

Answer 32

Inc HR, inc RR, dec vent, gut stasis, vomitting

Question 33

When should you give analgesic when it comes to procedures

Answer 33

Before it begins

Question 34

How do local anaesthetics work? | Give an example of one?

Answer 34

They block ion channels to prevent generation and conduction of pain impulses Lidocaine (ok for birds, reptiles, rabbits and rodents)

Question 35

How do opioids work?

Answer 35

Block pain centrally by binding to opioid receptors - they are agonists!

Question 36

Why are opioids used with pre meds?

Answer 36

Allows us to use less anaesthetic (gas sparing effect)

Question 37

Give a positive and a negative with regards to opioids

Answer 37

Cause CV and resp suppression Some can be reversed

Question 38

``` Which opioid (receptor against) best in following species: Small rodents/dogs/cats? Birds? ```

Answer 38

U agonists e.g. Morphine K agonists e.g. Butorphanol Think katie bird!!!!

Question 39

What do NSAIDS do? Which is preferable 1 or 2?? Give an example of each

Answer 39

They inhibit cyclooxygenase in arachodonic pathway Cox2 preferable as antiinflam Cox1 protects GI function normally E.g. 1= ketoprofen, 2= meloxicam They are effective in birds, small mammals and reptiles

Question 40

How do corticosteroids work?

Answer 40

They have an anti inflammatory effect e.g. Preds, dexamethasone,

Question 41

Give some effects of long term use of glucocorticoids

Answer 41

Immune suppression Dec wound healing Inc infection

Question 42

Why are glucocorticoids not recommended for birds and reptiles

Answer 42

Because they cause immunosupression and therefore could predispose to Mycotic infections in the lungs

Question 43

What 4 things must a GA include

Answer 43

Loss of sensation Loss of consciousness Analgesia Muscle relaxing You need a combination of agents to achieve this

Question 44

Why do you need to be careful with the length of ET tube used IN BIRDS

Answer 44

There trachea narrows distally

Question 45

Why do rabbits require LA spray before incubating?

Answer 45

Prone to larygospasm

Question 46

Why should you premed rabbits first and tube them asap?

Answer 46

Because they breath hold and can become hypoxic

Question 47

Induction can be injectable to inhaled. Maintainence must be via ET tube, using mapleson F for reptiles as need to ventilate and this circuit has lowest resistance. Isoflurane is safe for all, but why is sevoflurane preferred?

Answer 47

Less respiratory irritant and arguably safer

Question 48

If a bird is in dorsal recumbency during GA what must we do?

Answer 48

Perform IPPV as pectoral weight and abdominal weight crushes lungs