Pharmacology 5-8 terms Flashcards
process where a substance changes from one chemical to another through a chemical reaction
biotransformation
substance produced by an organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
enzyme
a molecule upon which an enzyme acts
substrate
medication or compound that after after it is administered is then metabolized into a pharmacologically active drug
prodrug
the form of a drug before it is metabolized into drug metabolites
parent drug
intermediate end product of metabolism; what a parent drug is broken down into
metabolite
the active form of a drug after it has been processed by the body
active metabolite
a metabolite of a drug produces no therapeutic effect
inactive metabolite
kind of metabolite that is driectly involved in the normal growth, development, and reproduction
major or primary metabolite
one of two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other that are non-supimposable non-identical.
enantiomer (Greek for opposite)
drug molecules tha tundergo attachment of polar groups for more rapid excretion
conjugation (think bilirubin)
molecules that are metabolized through the liver, excreated via the bile into the intestines, and then reabsorbed into the blood when then takes it back to the liver
enterohepatice recycling
interaction between a drug and another substance that prevents the drug from performing as expected
drug interaction
determining the PK and PD properties of the drug; test animals for toxicity, teratogenesis, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis
pre-clinical testing
clinical trial phase where data is gathered on drug safety and PK in healthy volunteers
Phase 1
clinical trial phase where data is gathered on efficacy, safety, and proper dosage in a small group of patients
Phase 2
clinical trial phase where statistical evidence is obtained regarding drug safety and efficacy
Phase 3
a pharmeceutical that remains commercially undeveloped owing to limited potential for profitability
orphan drug
the transfer of any legally prescribed controlled substance from the individual for whom it was prescribed to another person any illicit use
diversion
includes the patient’s name, prescribing physician, the name of the medicine, dosage, and sig
prescription drug label
the “PI”
package insert or prescribing information
a predetermined checklist covering active ingredients, doses, formulations, and product labeling that the agency considers generally safe and effective for self use.
monograph
refers to the use of the drug for treating a particular disease
drug indications
involves prescribing the medication for indications, dosages, and dosage form approved by the FDA
on label use
involves prescribing medications for indications, or using a dosage or dosage for that have NOT been approved by the FDA
off label use
the abitual taking of addictive or illegal drugs
abuse
