Pharmacology

Question 1

What drugs are good for corneal penetration?

Answer 1

LMW drugs

Question 2

What are the lipid/water properties of epithelium?

Answer 2

Lipophilic and hydrophobic

Question 3

What are the lipid/water properties of stroma?

Answer 3

Lipophobic/hydrophilic

Question 4

What drugs penetrate the epithelium?

Answer 4

Lipid soluble drugs

Question 5

What drugs penetrate the stroma?

Answer 5

Water soluble drugs

Question 6

What drug has both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties?

Answer 6

Chloramphenicol

Question 7

What can often reduce the hydrophobic nature of the endothelium?

Answer 7

Ocular surface inflammation

Question 8

What may impede drug penetration?

Answer 8

Lipid layer of tear film

Question 9

What capabilities do topical steroids need?

Answer 9

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic capability

Question 10

What makes a topical steroid more hydrophohic?

Answer 10

Alcohol or acetate

Question 11

What makes a topical steroid more hydrophilic?

Answer 11

Phosphate

Question 12

When is prednisolone acetate used?

Answer 12

Good penetration in uninflamed cornea-used post op (hydrophobic)

Question 13

When is prednisolone phosphate used?

Answer 13

Poor penetration in uninflamed cornea-used for cornea disease or when low dose steroids needed (Hydrophilic)

Question 14

What does benzalkonium do?

Answer 14

Preservative, disrupts layer of tear film, aids penetration of some drugs

Question 15

What is Bimatoprost?

Answer 15

Drug used to lower IOP in glaucoma

Question 16

What are the routes of administration for topical steroids?

Answer 16

Subconjunctival, subtenons

Question 17

When are steroids used topically in eye care?

Answer 17

Post op cataracts, uveitis, to prevent corneal graft rejection

Question 18

What are the local ocular side effects of steroids?

Answer 18

Cataracts, glaucoma, exacerbation of viral infection

Question 19

When are anti-histamines/mast cell stabilisers used in eye care?

Answer 19

Hayfever/allergic conjunctivitis

Question 20

What is glaucoma?

Answer 20

A group of diseases characterised by a progressive optic neuropathy resulting in characteristic field defects

Question 21

What is the only modifiable risk factor in glaucoma?

Answer 21

Raised IOP

Question 22

How is glaucoma medication delivered into the eye?

Answer 22

Drops

Question 23

What are the medications for glaucoma?

Answer 23

Prostanoids e.g. Latanoprost, Beta blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors e.g. dorzolamide, Alpha2 adrenergic agonist e.g. Brimonidine, Parasympathomimetic e.g. pilocarpine, or combination

Question 24

What is the issue with intravitreal drug delivery?

Answer 24

Delivers effective concentration of drug at target site instantly but many drugs toxic to retina

Question 25

How are antibiotics in endophthalmitis administered?

Answer 25

Intravitreal

Question 26

How are intra-ocular steroids delivered?

Answer 26

Intravitreal

Question 27

What is a diagnostic dye such as fluorescein used for?

Answer 27

Shows corneal abrasion, tonometry, diagnosing nasolacrimal duct obstruction, angiography

Question 28

What are mydriatics (tropicamide, cyclopentolate) used for?

Answer 28

Cause pupil dilation by blocking parasympathetic supply to iris

Question 29

What are the side effects of mydriatics?

Answer 29

Blurring, AACG

Question 30

What do sympathomimetics (phenylephrine, atropine) do?

Answer 30

Acts on sympathetic system, causes pupil to dilate. Does not affect ciliary muscle

Question 31

What is an adverse effect of vigabatrin?

Answer 31

Constricts fields

Question 32

What is a serious adverse effect of ethambutol?

Answer 32

Optic neuropathy

Question 33

What is an adverse effect of chloroquine?

Answer 33

Maculopathy