Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ophthalmology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is required from topical drugs applied to the eye?

A

they need to act on the surface

they need to penetrate the cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of drugs are good for corneal penetration?

A

LMW drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many layers are there in the cornea and what are they?

A 
5 layers
epithelium
Bowman's layer (membrane)
Stroma
Descent's membrane
Endothelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the epithelium in terms of hydro/lipo philic/phobic?

A

lipophilic

hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the stroma? in terms of hydro/lipo philic/phobic?

A

hydrophilic

lipophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which layer do lipid soluble drugs penetrate?

A

the epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which layer do water soluble drugs penetrate?

A

the stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what type of drugs penetrate the cornea easily?

A

drugs that have both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give an example of a drug that has both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties and penetrates the cornea easily?

A

chloramphenicol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what can reduced the hydrophobic nature of the epithelium?

A

ocular surface inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which layer of the tear film may impede drug penetration

A

the lipid layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which layer of the cornea limits hydrophilic drugs?

A

epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which layer of the cornea limits hydrophobic drugs?

A

stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what properties must topical steroids (for the eye) have?

A

hydrophobic and hydrophilic capability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the affect of the addition of alcohol or acetate to a topical steroid?

A

makes it more hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the affect of the addition of phosphate to a topical steroid?

A

makes it more hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

is prednisolone acetate hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

does prednisolone acetate have good penetration an uninflamed cornea?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When is prednisolone acetate used?

A

post-operatively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is prednisolone phosphate hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Does prednisilone phosphate have good penetration of the uninflamed cornea?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when is prednisolone acetate used?

A

Used for cornea disease or when want low dose steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What preservative can be added to a drug to enhance corneal penetration?

How does it work?

A

Benzalkonium

disrupts the lipid layer of the tear film

24
Q

What drug is used to lower IOP in glaucoma?

A

Bimatoprost 0.03%

25
Q

where can drugs applied topically at the eye be systemically absorbed?

A

at the nasopharynx

26
Q

What are other routs of administration of drugs a the eye? (not topical)

A

subconjunctival

subtenons

27
Q

What are the 2 types of ocular injections?

A

intravitreal

intracameral

28
Q

What are some anti-inflammatory agents?

A

steroids
topical NSAIDs
Anti-histamines
mast cell stabilisers

29
Q

What is the action of steroids?

A

suppress inflammation, allergy and immune responses

30
Q

In what eye conditions are topical steroids indicated?

A

post op cataracts
uveitis
to prevent corneal graft rejections

31
Q

What are some local side effects of topical steroids in the eye?

A

cataract
glaucoma
exacerbation of viral infection

32
Q

What are some systemic side effects of steroids?

A 
Gastric ulceration
Immunosuppression
Osteoporosis
Weight gain
Diabetes
Neuropsychiatric effects
33
Q

What are the different strengths of topical steroids?

A

FML
Predsol
Betamathasone
Dexamethasone/ prednisolone

34
Q

When would anti-histamines and mast cell stabilisers be used?

A

in hay fever / allergic conjunctivitis

35
Q

When would NSAIDs be used?

A

pain relief post refractive laser

36
Q

What is the only modifiable risk factor in glaucoma?

A

raised intra-ocular pressure

37
Q

What drugs are used to treat glaucoma?

A 
Prostanoids - latanoprost (xalatan)
beta blockers (timolol)
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Alpha2 adrenergic agonist
Parasympathomimetic
38
Q

What is the mechanism of action of prostanoids?

A

increase aqueous outflow

39
Q

What is the mechanism of action of beta blockers?

A

reduce aqueous production

40
Q

When are beta-blocker contraindicated?

A

COPD / ashma / heart block

41
Q

what is the name of a commonly used topical Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

A

Dorzolamide - trusopt

42
Q

what is the name of a commonly used oral Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

A

acetazolamide - diamox

43
Q

what is the action of Parasympathomimetic drugs and give an example

A

pilocarpine

improve aqueous outflow and constrict pupil

44
Q

what is the advantage of Intravitreal drug administration?

A

Delivers effective concentration of drug at target site instantly

45
Q

What is the problem with Intravitreal drug administration

A

many drugs are toxic to the retina

46
Q

When is Intravitreal drug administration used?

A

antibiotics in endophthalmitis
Used to deliver intra-ocular steroids
Anti-VEGF

47
Q

How does topical anaesthetic applied to the eye work?

A

Blocks sodium channels and impedes nerve conduction

48
Q

When is local anaesthetic used in ophthalmology?

A

1) FB removal
2) Tonometry (IOP measurement)
3) corneal scraping
4) comfort

49
Q

What is the most comply used diagnostic dye?

A

fluorescein

50
Q

What is fluorescein used for?

A

shows corneal abrasions
tonometry
diagnosing nasolacrimal duct obstruction
angiography

51
Q

What are some examples of mydriatics?

A

tropic amide

cyclopentolate

52
Q

what is the effect of mydriatics and how do they work?

A

cause pupil dilation by blocking parasympathetic supply to iris

53
Q

What are the side effects of mydriatic drugs?

A

blurring

AACG

54
Q

What are some examples of Sympathomimetics and what do they do?

A

phenylephrine, atropine
Acts on sympathetic system
Causes pupil to dilate

55
Q

what drug is comply associated with Optic Neuropathy

A

Ethambutol - The TB drugs

56
Q

What drug is associated with maculopathy?

A

Maculopathy - treats malaria

Ophthalmology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions