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IMS > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

The effect of the body on the drug (site of action and excretion)

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2
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

The effect the drugs has on the body

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3
Q

Two different ways of drug movement what are they?

A

Bulk transfer (blood) and diffusion (through lipids)

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4
Q

What is the influence of pH on drugs?

A

Many drugs are weak acids/bases, therefore ionisation is dependent on the pH. if hydrophillic, needs transport.

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5
Q

What is volume distribution necessary for?

A

Desired blood concentration

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6
Q

Where are most drugs absorbed from?

A

Small intestine, gastric motility affects the speed of onset and disease can slow the gut down

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7
Q

What is an example of a heavily protein bound drug?

A

warfarin

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8
Q

What protein are most drugs bound to/

A

Albumin

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9
Q

changes in plasma binding are significant if more than what % of drug is bound to protein?

A

> 90%

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10
Q

What factors can affect the amount of drug bound?

A

Renal disease higher amount of urea, late pregnancy due to less albumin, displacement by other drugs and saturability of the plasma.

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11
Q

What is the predominant metabolism of the liver?

A

Cytochrome P450

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12
Q

What is phase one of metabolism?

A

Oxidation/reduction more active products

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13
Q

What is the second phase of metabolism?

A

Conjugation to form inactive and readily excretable forms

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14
Q

What is first pass metabolism?

A

Some drugs are inactivated the first time the pass through the liver!

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15
Q

A drug that undergoes extensive first pass metabolism and needs other routes of admin?

A

GTN

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16
Q

Erythromycin can cause higher levels of what drug due to inactivation of bacteria that break it down?

A

Digoxin and oral contraceptives

17
Q

Main site of elimination is what?

A

Kidneys, bile and sweat

18
Q

What is the therapeutic index?

A

Difference between lethal and desired effects

19
Q

In the autonomic nervous system the length of sympathetic is?

A

short presynaptic

20
Q

In the autonomic nervous system the length of parasympathetic is?

A

Long presynaptic

21
Q

2 types of cholinergic receptors ?

A

Nicotinic (post synaptic in the autonomic ganglia = excitatory

Muscarinic in the sweat glands, 5 types all are GPCR- ligand binding

22
Q

Noradrenaline and adrenaline are synthesised by which amino acid?

A

Tyrosine

23
Q

Alpha 1 receptors activate what?

A

Phospholipase C goes to Ip3 and DAg

24
Q

Alpha 2 inhibits what?

A

cAMP

25
Q

All beta receptors stimulate to produce and increase in what?

A

cAMP

26
Q

Beta 2 agonist does what?

A

bronchodilates

27
Q

Beta 1 and 2 antagonist does what?

A

blocks (propranolol)

28
Q

Selective Beta 1 antagonist?

A

Atenolol

29
Q

What is clearance of a drug?

A

Removal of drug from plasma /body completely per unit time

30
Q

What can EC50 be used to work out?

A

Potency of a drug

31
Q

What is EC50 ?

A

the concentration of a drug, antibody or toxicant which induces a response halfway between the baseline and maximum after a specified exposure time. (50% of people receiving this dose will have an effect)

32
Q

After the age of 30 the creatinine clearance reduces by how many mls per decade in 2/3rd population?

A

8mls

33
Q

What should you assume in every elderly patient?

A

They have at least mild renal impairment

34
Q

an eGFR of

A

Established renal failure

35
Q

Normal eGFR

A

> 90ml/min

IMS (10 decks)

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