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Integrated > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Possible interactions of salbutamol?

A

-Corticosteroids: high doses of both drugs increase risk of hypokalaemia -Loop/thiazide diuretics: increase risk of hypokalaemia -Theophylline: increase risk of hypokalaemia

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2
Q

Why is omperazole bad in ca diagnosis?

A

May mask symptoms of stomach ca

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3
Q

Thiazides SEs?

A

hypokalaemia, hyperuricaemia, hyperglycaemia, increased lipids

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3
Q

Names of some calcium channel blockers?

A

Diltiazem, amilodipine, verapamil

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3
Q

Indications of mesalazine?

A

Mild-moderate UC Maintenance of remission RA

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4
Q

Cautions in paracetamol?

A

Hepatic/renal impairment, chronic alcohol abuse

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4
Q

Drug class of salbuatmol?

A

Beta 2 agonist

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5
Q

Class of loperamide?

A

Anti-diarrhoeal agent

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6
Q

Contraindications of warfarin?

A

Haemorrhagic stroke Significant bleeding Within 72 hours of surgery, 48 hours pospartum Pregnancy (1st and 3rd trimesters) Drugs with increased risk of bleeding

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6
Q

Statins metabolised by …?

A

CYP450

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7
Q

Indications of prednisolone?

A

Suppression of allergic/inflammatory disorders IBD Asthma Rheumatoid disease Immunosuppression (leukaemia, transplant)

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8
Q

Interactions or morphine?

A

Hypnotics - enhances sedative effect

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9
Q

Metformin + cimetidine?

A

Inhibits renal elimination

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10
Q

Class of senna?

A

Laxative

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11
Q

Action of isosorbide mononitrate?

A

Potent relaxer of smooth muscle (vascular) - dilate both arteries and veins. Venous dilatation pools blood in the peripheries leading to a decrease in venous return, central blood volume and ventricular filling volumes and pressures. BP usually declines secondary to decrease in CO. Dilate epicardial coronary arteries.

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11
Q

Action of clopidgorel?

A

Prevents platelet aggregation. Metabolised by CYP450 to metabolite which selectively inhibits binding of adenosine diphosphate to platelet P2Y12 receptor, and subsequent ADP mediated activation of GPiib/iiia complex.

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11
Q

Indications of metformin?

A

TII DM

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12
Q

Class of prednisolone?

A

Corticosteroid

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13
Q

Interactions of levodopa?

A

Anaesthetics - increased risk of dysrhythmias MAOIs - risk of HTN crisis (withdraw L-dopa 2wks prior to starting MAOIs) Neuroleptics - block dopamine receptors

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13
Q

Class of phenytoin?

A

Anti-convulsant

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13
Q

Mechanism of mesalazine?

A

Released 5-aminosalicylate acid in the bowel Unknown mechanism

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14
Q

Action of streptokinase?

A

Activation of endogenous fibrinolytic system - initiated by formation of streptokinase-plasminogen complex. Converts plasminogen to plasmin = fibrinolytic.

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14
Q

Conta indications of morphine?

A

Severe respiratory disease Increased ICP and head injury Undiagnosed acute abo Acute alcohol intoxication Hepatic failure

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15
Q

Interactions of codeine?

A

Alcohol - enhanced hypotensive/sedative effects Metoclopramide - antagonise effects of metoclopramide on GI activity Cimetidine - inhibits opioid metabolism

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16
Q

Drug class of paracetamol?

A

Non-opidioid analgesia and antipyretic

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16
Q

ACE-i and PSDs?

A

Risk of severe hyperkalaemia

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17
Q

Main side effect of statins?

A

Rhabdomyolysis

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17
Q

Side effects of insulin?

A

Hypoglycaemia, weight gain

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18
Q

Indications of statins?

A

Hypercholesterolaemia Cardiovascular prevention

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19
Q

Ferusomide causes increased risk of cardiac toxicity with what drugs? and why?

A

Antipsychotics, antiarrythmics, cardiac glycosides - ferusomide-induced hypokalaemia.

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19
Q

Interactions of thyroxine?

A

Warfarin - increased effect of warfarin

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19
Q

Action of carbimazole?

A

Decreased production of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). Inhibition of enzyme thyroid peroxidase which is necessary for thyroid hormone synthesis

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19
Q

Mechanism of gaviscon?

A

Weak alkalis neutralise stomach acid. Alginate component increases stomach content viscosity to reduced acid reflux

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19
Q

Thiazide and lithium?

A

Increased toxicity

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21
Q

Contraindications of ferusomide?

A

Severe hypokalaemia/hyponatraemia

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22
Q

Mechanism of morphine?

A

Mimics endogenous opioids, acting on opioid receptors in the dorsal horn, periaquedutal grey matter and midline raphe nuclei

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22
Q

Indications of omeprazole?

A

GORD Dyspepsia Oesophagitis Gastric/duodenal ulcers H.pylori eradication Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

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23
Q

Side effects of alendronate?

A

Oesophageal reactions, abdo pain and distension, GI disturbances

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24
Q

Indications of thyroxine?

A

Hypothyroidism

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25
Q

Action of enoxaparin?

A

Binds to anti-thrombin III leading to inhibition of coagulation factors IIa and Xa.

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26
Q

Side effects of loperamide?

A

Abdominal cramps Dizziness/fatigue Skin reactions (urticaria)

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27
Q

Class of thyroxine?

A

Thyroid hormone

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27
Q

Indications of alendronate?

A

Post-menopausal osteoporosis. Corticosteroid-associated osteoporosis. Paget’s disease.

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27
Q

Class of vitamin D?

A

Vitamin

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27
Q

Indications of loperamide?

A

Acute diarrhoea Chronic diarrhoea (adults)

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28
Q

Bad effect of O2 in COPD?

A

Respiratory arrest

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29
Q

Indications of nitrates?

A

Angina pectoris

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30
Q

How does salbutamol work?

A

Adrenergic beta receptor stimulant with a selective effect on the beta 2 receptors of the bronchi, which produces bronchodilatation

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31
Q

Indications of codeine?

A

Mild-moderate pain Diarrhoea Cough suppression

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31
Q

Indications of ipratropium bromide?

A

Reversible bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic asthma.

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32
Q

Gentamycin and loop diuretics?

A

Renal failure risk

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33
Q

Indications of ranitidine?

A

Benign/gastric duodenal ulcers Chronic episodic dyspepsia GORD

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33
Q

Interactions of cimetidine?

A

CYP450 INHIBITOR

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34
Q

Mechanism of diclofenac?

A

Reversible inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes Decreased prostaglandin synthesis

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35
Q

Mechanism of levodopa?

A

Crosses blood brain barrier and is converted by enzyme dopa carboxylase. Replaces deficient dopamine in basal ganglia.

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36
Q

Indications of carbimazole?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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36
Q

Contraindications of calcium?

A

Conditions associated with hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria (some malignancy)

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38
Q

Action of digoxin?

A

Inhibits Na+K+ATPase - increase in intraceullar calcium. Positive inotropic effect (increased force of contraction), negative chronotropic effect (decreased rate of contraction). Increases vagal input, decreases sympathetic drive. ESSENTIALLY - slows ventricular rate in sinus rhythm and AF.

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38
Q

Class of lamotrigine?

A

Anti-convulsant

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39
Q

Contraindications of diclofenac?

A

Aspirin/NSAID hypersensitivity Severe heart failure Caution:elderly patients

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40
Q

B blockers contraindications

A

Asthma, uncontrolled HF, bradycardia, hypotension, 2/3rd degree heart block

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40
Q

Contra-indications of sodium valproate?

A

Hepatic dysfunction (metabolised/excreted by liver), porphyria

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40
Q

Indications for morphine?

A

Severe pain, acute pulmonary oedema due to HF, intractable cough in pallative care

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42
Q

Thiazide diuretics action?

A

Act on early segments of distal tubule - inhibit NaCl reabsorption. Excretion of Cl-, Na+ and H20 - and K+ and H+

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42
Q

Drug class of carbimazole?

A

Anti-thyroid

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44
Q

Contraindications of PSDs?

A

Hyperkalaemia, anuria, Addison’s disease

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45
Q

Side effects of aspirin?

A

Increased bleeding tendency, dyspepsia

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45
Q

Action of gliclazide?

A

Stimualtes insulin production by binding to sulphonylurea receptors and blocking ATP-dependent potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells. Causes depolarisation and insulin release. Inhibits gluconeogenesis.

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46
Q

Mechanism of senna?

A

Hydrolysed in colon to produce anthracine glycoside derivatives. Directly stimulate myenteric plexus = smooth muscle activity and defecation

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48
Q

Adverse event associated with enoxaparin?

A

Haemorrhages

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49
Q

Side effects of omeprazole?

A

GI disturbances, headache

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50
Q

Interactions of omeprazole?

A

CYP450 INHIBITOR

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51
Q

Drug class of levodopa?

A

Dopamine precursor

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51
Q

Class of metformin?

A

Biguanide

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52
Q

Contraindications of digoxin?

A

Hypetrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Supraventricular arrythmias associated with an accessory AV pathway (wolff parkinson white syndrome) Complete/second degree heart block

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53
Q

Rampiril contraindications?

A

Bilateral renal artery stenosis, hepatic/renal impairment, pregnancy/breastfeeding

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55
Q

Digoxin indications?

A

CCF SVT AF

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57
Q

Indications of ferusomide?

A

Pulmonary oedema, CCF, antihypertensive treatment

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57
Q

ACE-i and metformin?

A

enhance hypoglycaemic effect

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58
Q

Interactions of carbamazapine?

A

CYP450 INDUCER Cimetidine, erythromycin, diltiazem, isoniazid, verapamil: inhibit metabolism of carbamezapine Corticosteroids, cyclosporin, phenytoin: decreased effect of carbamazepine

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59
Q

Class of insulin?

A

Peptide hormone

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60
Q

Class of diclofenac?

A

NSAID

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61
Q

Interactions of alendronate?

A

Antacids - decreased absorption of alendronate

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62
Q

Side effects of codeine?

A

Nausea and vom, constipation, dry mouth, biliary spasm

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62
Q

Possible interactions of ipratropium bromide?

A

-Avoid with clarithromycin/erythromycin - ↑ risk of side effects with antidepressants - ↓effect of sublingual nitrates (due to dry mouth)

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63
Q

Interactions of diclofenac?

A

ACE-i - increased risk of renal impairment SSRIs - increased risk bleeding B-blockers/calcium channel blockers - NSAIDs antagonise hypotensive effects

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64
Q

Class of sodium valproate?

A

Anti-convulsant

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65
Q

Interactions of insulin?

A

B-blockers: mask warning signs of hypoglycaemia which are mediated by sympathetic NS

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67
Q

Side effects of ACE-i?

A

Hyperkalaemia, impaired renal function, profound hypotension, persistent dry cough.

67
Q

Mechanism of phenytoin?

A

Alters transmembrane movement of Na+/K+ by blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels. Prevents spread of epileptic discharges

69
Q

Bad interactions of PSDs?

A

ACE-i - because ACE-i inhibits aldosterone secretion too Drugs known to cause hyperkalaemia NSAIDs Digoxin Noradrenaline

70
Q

Contra-indications of streptokinase?

A

Existing or recent internal haemorrhage, intracranial neoplasm, recent head trauma, acute pancreatitis, uncontrollable hypertension, simultanous treatment with oral anticoagulants, severe liver or kidney damage, recent surgery.

70
Q

Indications for warfarin?

A

Prophylaxis of systemic embolism in patients with rheumatic heart disease and atrial fibrillation Prophylaxis after insertion of prosthetic heart valves Prophylaxis and treatment of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism TIA

72
Q

Indications of metoclopramide?

A

Nausea and vomiting, GOR

73
Q

Class of masalazine?

A

Aminosalicylates

74
Q

Mechanism of alendronate?

A

Inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone reabsorption. For optimal activity enough vitamin D and calcium are needed to promote normal bone development.

76
Q

B blockers action?

A

Block B adrenoreceptors in heart and intestinal SM. Reduced contractility of heart and reduced cardiac output

77
Q

Side effects of diclofenac?

A

GI discomfort and disturbance Bleeding/ulceration Renal failure

78
Q

Side effects of salbuatmol?

A

Tremor, tachycardia

78
Q

Class of ranitidine?

A

H2 antagonist

80
Q

Contraindications of nitrates?

A

MI with low filling pressures, hypertrophic/obstructive cardiomyopathy, aortic/mitral stenosis, severe anaemia, raised ICP

81
Q

Thiazide and PPI?

A

Hyponatraemia

82
Q

Indications of carbamazapine?

A

Generalised tonic-clonic seizures, partial seizures, trigmeinal neuralgia/chronic neurogenic pain, bipolar prophylaxis

83
Q

Side effects of gliclazide?

A

Hypoglycaemia, weight gain

85
Q

Ramipril indications?

A

HF, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, prophylaxis of cardiovascular events

86
Q

Why should prednisolone be withdrawn slowly after long term treatment?

A

Risk of acute adrenal crisis

86
Q

Contraindications of mesalazine?

A

Renal impairment

88
Q

Indications for clopidogrel?

A

MI, stroke or established peripheral arterial disease. Acute coronary syndrome. Prevention of thromboembolic events in AF, where treatment with vitamin K antagonists not appropriate.

89
Q

What is amiodarone?

A

Anti-dysrhythmic

89
Q

Class of carbamezapine?

A

Anti-convulsant

90
Q

Interactions of digoxin?

A

Amiodarone/propfenone/quinidine - antiarrythmics increase risk of toxicity Ca channel blockers - increase risk of toxicity Diuretics - hypokalaemia can increase risk of toxicity

90
Q

Interactions of calcium?

A

Ciprofloxacin/tetracycline: decreased absorption with calcium salts Diuretics - increased risk of hypercalcaemia

92
Q

Metabolism of warfarin?

A

CYP450 system - INR variable depending on interaction with other substances

94
Q

Action of calcium channel blockers?

A

Stops inward displacement of calcium ions. Reduces myocardial activity, systemic vascular tone may be diminished.

95
Q

Calcium channel blocker that is a P450…?

A

Diltiazem - inhibitor!

96
Q

Class of morphine?

A

Opiate

98
Q

Indications of phenytoin?

A

Epilepsy (all except absence seizures) Trigeminal neuralgia

99
Q

Side effects of senna

A

Abdo cramps, diarrhoea

100
Q

Possible interactions of ACE-i?

A

Potassium supplements/PSDs - hyperkalaemia Loop diuretics - profound first dose hypotension NSAIDs - increased risk of renal damage

100
Q

Paracetamol overdose?

A

Hepatic necrosis, renal failure

101
Q

Class of metoclopramide?

A

Antiemetics (dopamine antagonist)

102
Q

Why is metformin treatment of choice in TII DM?

A

Decreases appetite

104
Q

Action of amiodarone?

A
  1. Prolongation of myocardial cell-action potential duration and refractory period 2. Non-competitive alpha and beta adrenergic inhibition Prolongs the duration of the action potential of all cardiac fibres.
106
Q

Indications of gliclazide?

A

Type II DM (only if residual B cell activity as needs endogenous insulin)

107
Q

CP450 inhibitors?

A

Some Certain Silly Compounds Annoyingly Inhibit Enzymes, Grrrrr Sodium valproate Ciprofloxacin Sulphonamide Cimetidine/omeprazole Antifungals, amiodarone Isonazid Erythromycin Graprefruit juice

108
Q

Class of gaviscon?

A

Antacid

109
Q

Interactions of gliclazide?

A

Chloramphenicol/cotrimoxazole/sulphonamides - increased hypoglycaemic effects of gliclazide Fluconazole - increased plasma concentration of gliclazide

109
Q

CYP450 substrates?

A

Warfarin COCP Theophylline Corticosteroids Tricyclics Pethidine Statins

111
Q

Contraindications of amiodarone?

A

Sinus bradycardia and SA heart block. Evidence of history of thyroid dysfunction. Pregnancy/lactation

112
Q

Indications for insulin?

A

DM I/II Ketoacidosis Hyperglycaemic hyperosmotic non-ketoic coma Emergency treatment of hyperkalaemia

113
Q

Contra indications of vit D?

A

Hypercalcaemia, metastatic calcification

113
Q

Drugs with narrow therapeutic range?

A

Guys With Large Dongles Totally Make Perfect Internet Connections Gentamycin Warfarin Lithium Digoxin Theophylline Methotrexate Phenytoin Insulin Ciclosporin

114
Q

Action of sodium valproate?

A

Increased GABA content of the brain by inhibiting GABA transaminase enzyme, preventing GABA re-uptake. Decreased concentration of aspartate, an excitatory neurotransmitter

115
Q

Possible interactions of prednisolone?

A

-Phenytoin: ↓ effect of prednisolone -Rifampicin: ↓ effect of prednisolone

117
Q

Side effects of meoclopramide?

A

Acute dystonic reactions

118
Q

Contraindications of omeprazole?

A

Liver disease Breast feeding/prego

119
Q

Contraindications of carbamazapine?

A

Bone marrow depression, AV node conduction abnormalities, porphyria

120
Q

Indiactions of gaviscon?

A

Symptomatic relief of: Gastric/duodenal ulcers GORD Non ulcer dyspepsia

122
Q

Contra-indications of alendronate?

A

Abnormalities of oesophagus (stricture) Hypoglycaemia Renal impairment Prego/breastfeeding

123
Q

Action of potassium sparing diuretics?

A

Act on distal nephron, where K+ homeostasis controlled. PSDs reduce Na+ reabsorption by either antagonising aldosterone (spironolactone) or blocking Na+ channels (amiloride). Causes electrical potential across tubular epithelium to fall, reducing driving force for K+ secretion.

124
Q

How to reverse effects of morphine?

A

Naloxone - rapid acting opioid antagonist.

126
Q

Calcium channel blockers indications?

A

Angina, hypertension, raynaud’s, SVT, prophylaxis for cluster headache

128
Q

Action of warfarin?

A

Vitamin K antagonist - inhibits formation of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X

129
Q

Indications of amiodarone?

A

Treatment of severe rhythm disorders not responding to other therapies. Tachycarrythmia associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White Atrial flutter and fibrillation All types of tachyarrythmia of paroxysmal nature

131
Q

Indications of vitamin D?

A

Vitamin D deficiency Insufficient exposure to light, insufficienct dietary intake, osteoporosis, GI malabsorption, chronic liver disease/renal impairment

133
Q

B blockers indications?

A

Hypertension, angina, arrythmias, migraine prophylaxis

135
Q

Action of aspirin?

A

Inhibits platelet aggregation. Inhibits cyclo-oxygenase - pharmacological effects due to inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase products such as thromboxanes, prostaglandins and prostacyclin.

137
Q

Contraindications of insulin?

A

Renal impairment

138
Q

Contraindications of gliclazide?

A

Ketoacidosis Pregnancy/breastfeeding Elderly patietns with hepatic/renal impairment susceptible to hypoglycaemia

140
Q

Interactions of phenytoin?

A

CYP450 INDUCER Amiodarone, aspirin, cimetidine, diltiazem, nifedipin - increased plasma concentration of phenytoin

141
Q

Contra-indications?

A

ACUTE ULCERATIVE COLITIS Abx associated colitis Dysentery

143
Q

Mechanism of insulin?

A

Lowers plasma glucose by: - Stimulated glucose transport into fat and muscle cells - Stimulating glycogen synthesis - Inhibiting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

144
Q

Mechanism of prednisolone?

A

-Inhibits phospholipase A2 activity = decreased arachidonic acid production -Arachidonic acid = precursor for prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis = anti-inflamm. effect -decreased B and T lymphocyte response to antigens = immunosuppressive effect

146
Q

Contraindicaitons of carbimazole?

A

Prego/breastfeeding

148
Q

Side effects of calcium?

A

GI disturbances Bradycardia Arrythmias

149
Q

Statins and clarithromycin?

A

Dunno

150
Q

Mechanism of metformin?

A

Not fully understodd, requires presence of insulin as it is an insulin sensitising agent. Increased peripheral glucose utilisation and decreased gluconeogenesis. Inhibits glucose absorption from GI tract.

151
Q

Contra indications of codeine?

A

Acute respiratory depression Paralytic ileus Conditions associated with raised ICP and head injury (interferes with pupil response vital for neuro obs)

152
Q

Contraindications of metformin?

A

Breastfeeding/prego Conditions predisposing to lactic acidosis (hepatic/renal impairment, severe HF, infection, dehydration)

153
Q

Thiazides interactions?

A

Serum lithium conc may be increased NSAIDs may blunt diuretic action and increased risk of nephrotoxicity OCP may blunt diuretic action

154
Q

Interactions of metoclopramide?

A

Lithium - Increased risk of extrapyramidal adverse effects NSAIDs - increased absorption of NSAIDs, increasing their effects

155
Q

Indication of ARBs?

A

Alternative to ACE-i in hypertension/HF/diabetic nephropathy.

156
Q

Indications for enoxaparin?

A

Prophylaxis of thromboembolic disorders of venous origin - surgery Treatment of venous thromboembolic disease presenting with DVT, PE or both. Treatment of unstable angina and acute ST segment non-Q wave MI.

157
Q

Side effects of mesalazine?

A

GI effects inc. diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdo discomfort

158
Q

Class of omeprazole?

A

Proton pump inhibitor

159
Q

Elimination of omeprazole?

A

80% renal, 20% faecal

161
Q

Mechanism of paracetamol/

A

Weak inhibitor of COX enzymes = decreased prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis Tissue specificity for CNS giving antipyretic/analesic effects with little anti-inflammatory action

162
Q

Mechanism of ipratropium bromide

A

inhibit parasympathetic nerve impulses by selectively blocking the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to its receptor in nerve cells. The nerve fibers of the parasympathetic system are responsible for the involuntary movements of smooth muscles present in the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and lungs. Ipratropium bromide is an antimuscarinic agent affecting muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Affecting only receptors at the bronchi it inhibits mucous secretion.

163
Q

Indications for aspirin?

A

Secondary prophylaxis following MI. Unstable angina and cerebral TIA

164
Q

Class of alendronate?

A

Bisphosphonaste

165
Q

Indications of diclofenac?

A

Inflammatory diseases, pain, pyrexia, acute gout

167
Q

Contraindications of levodopa?

A

Closed angle glaucoma, drug induced parkinsonism

168
Q

Contraindication of aspirin?

A

With methotrexate, haemophilia, renal/hepatic impairment, nasal polyps associated with asthma.

169
Q

Indications of sodium valproate?

A

Epilepsy (all types)

170
Q

Side effects of morphine?

A

Nausea, vom, drowsiness, constipation, dry mouth, respiratory depression, dependence, hallucinations, micturition difficulty, headahce, palpitations

172
Q

Indications of streptokinase?

A

Treatment of acute myocardial infarction within 12 hours of onset

173
Q

Mechanism of omeprazole?

A

Inhibits gastric acid secretion by dose dependent inhibition of proton pump of gastric parietal cells (blocks H+/K+ pump ATPase enzyme in parietal cells)

174
Q

Indications of levodopa?

A

Idiopathic PD, parkinsonism

175
Q

Indications for PSDs?

A

Oedema and ascites in cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, oedema in CCF, resistant hypertension, Conn’s syndrome.

176
Q

Side-effects of ferusomide?

A

Hypokalaemia, hyperuricaemia (gout), hyperglycaemia (CI in T2DM), ototoxic

177
Q

Class of calcium?

A

Mineral

178
Q

Possible interactions of ARBs?

A

PSDs, potassium supplements - hyperkalaemia NSAIDs - attenuation of antihypertensive effect, deterioration of renal function.

179
Q

Contra-indications of salbutamol?

A

Hyperthyroidism, cardio disease, arrhythmias (susceptibility QT-interval prolongation), hypertension. Caution = diabetes (risk of ketoacidosis in IV).

181
Q

Interactions of paracetamol?

A

Coumarins - increased anticoagulant effect Carbamezapine - increased paracetamol metabolism

182
Q

Interactions of metformin?

A

Alcohol - increased risk of lactic acidosis Corticosteroids - antagonise hypoglycaemic effect

183
Q

Effective antidote for paracetamol overdose?

A

N-acetylcysteine

184
Q

Class of ipratropium bromide?

A

Anticholinergic

184
Q

CP450 inducers?

A

CRAPS Carbamazepine Rifampicin bArbituates Phenytoin St John’s Wort

185
Q

Contraindications of senna

A

Intestinal obstruction

187
Q

Indications of lamotrigine?

A

Partial seizures Primary/secondary generalised tonic-clonic seizures Lennox-Gastaut syndrome seizures Trigeminal neuralgia

188
Q

Example of a cardiac glycoside?

A

Digoxin

189
Q

Mechanism of ranitidine?

A

Competitively inhibit histamine actions at all H2 receptors, mainly inhibiting gastric acid scretions. Inhibits histamine/gastrin-stimulated secretions

190
Q

What is ferusomide?

A

Loop diuretic

192
Q

Interactions of sodium valproate/

A

Neuroleptics - decreased effects TCAs - decreased effects Anticonvulsants - 2 or more together gives increased effects and sedation

193
Q

Indications of senna?

A

Constipation

195
Q

Side effects of ranitidine?

A

Diarrhoea, GI/LFT disturbances, headache/dizziness/fatigue. rash

196
Q

Indications of salbutamol?

A

Symptomatic treatment of reversible bronchoconstriction due to bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

197
Q

Contraindictions of metoclopramide?

A

Parkinsonism, 1st 3-4 days following GI surgery, intestinal obstruction

198
Q

Contra-indications of clopidogrel?

A

Severe liver impairment Active pathological bleeding (peptic ulcer, intracranial haemorrhage)

199
Q

Does metformin cause hypoglycaemia?

A

No

201
Q

Side effects of thyroxine?

A

Hyperthyroidism

202
Q

Action of statins?

A

HMG CoA-reductase inhibitor

203
Q

Class of codeine?

A

Opiate

204
Q

Statins and amiodarone?

A

Increased statin conc therefore rhabdomyolysis

205
Q

Mechanism of loperamide?

A

Acts on opioid U receptors in myenteric pleuxs. Inhibits Ach release = inhibits peristalsis

206
Q

Enoxaparin contraindications?

A

bacterial endocarditis Active gastric or duodenal ulcer

207
Q

Side effects of prednisolone?

A

bruising, hirsutism, moon-face, HTN, weight gain/oedema, impaired glucose tolerance

208
Q

Action of ARBs?

A

Block angiotensin II receptors so have properties similar to ACE-i, but don’t inhibit breakdown of bradykinin so doesn’t produce perisistent dry cough.

209
Q

Action of ferusomide?

A

Inhibit NaCl reabsorption in thick ascending loop of Henle.

210
Q

Interactions of vit D?

A

Carbamezepine/phenytoin - increased vit D requirements Diuretics - increased risk of hypercalcaemia

211
Q

Indications of paracetamol?

A

Mild-moderate pain, pyrexia

212
Q

Side-effects of ipratropium bromide?

A

Dry mouth, Nausea, Headache, Constipation, Tachycardia, Palpitation, Urinary retention

213
Q

Action of rampiril?

A

Inhibits conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, increases bradykinin –> peripheral vasodilatation.

214
Q

Thiazides indications?

A

HF, hypertension

215
Q

Mechanism of thyroxine?

A

Mimics endogenous thyroxine. Increased oxygen consumption of metabolically active tissues

216
Q

Indications of calcium?

A

Calcium deficiency; Increased requirements in children, prego and lactation. Decreased absorption in elderly. Double recommended dose needed in osteoporosis to prevent bone loss.

217
Q

Interactions of gaviscon?

A

Decreased absorption of ACE inhibitors, antibacterials, digoxin, iron Increased excretion of lithium

218
Q

Mechanism of metoclopramide?

A

Blocks dopamine receptors in chemoreceptor trigger zone in brain stem. Increased rate of gastric/duodenal emptying by relaxing pyloric sphincter, increased lower oesophageal sphincter tone

219
Q

Mechanism of carbamezapine?

A

Increased GABA-mediated inhibitory transmission in the CNS. Decreased electrical excitability of cell membranes by blocking Na+ channels

220
Q

Possible interaction of nitrates?

A

Hypotensive effect increased if used with phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors (e.g. sildenafil) –> life threatening cardiovascular complications

221
Q

Class of gliclazide?

A

Sulphonylurea

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