Pharmacology

Question 1

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? what is the difference in their functions?

Answer 1

parasympathetic (rest and digest) and sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)

Question 2

what are the fibers to the parasympathetic nerves?

Answer 2

cranial nerves and S2-S4

Question 3

what are the fibers to the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 3

T1-L3

Question 4

what are the three tissues the autonomic nervous system controls?

Answer 4

cardiac (muscle, nodes and conduction)
smooth muscle
glands

Question 5

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the eyes?

Answer 5

pupils are dilated

Question 6

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the CNS?

Answer 6

increase drive and alertness

Question 7

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the bronchi?

Answer 7

bronchiolar smooth muscle dilates

Question 8

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the liver?

Answer 8

glycogenolysis (to release more glucose)
glucose release
increased blood flow to liver

Question 9

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the GI tract?

Answer 9

decreased peristalsis (you’re running, not eating)
increased sphincter tone (hold it in)
decreased blood flow (stop digesting)

Question 10

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the saliva?

Answer 10

decreases, viscous (thick)

Question 11

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the heart?

Answer 11

increased heart rate
increased contractile force
increase blood pressure

Question 12

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the fat tissue?

Answer 12

lipolysis
fatty acid
liberation (of fat?)

Question 13

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the bladder?

Answer 13

sphincter tone increases

detrusor muscle relaxes (IOT increase urine storage by relaxing the wall)

Question 14

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the skeletal muscle?

Answer 14

blood flow increases

glycogenolysis

Question 15

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the eyes?

Answer 15

constriction of the pupil

contracts (for near vision)

Question 16

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the bronchi?

Answer 16

constriction, increased secretion

Question 17

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the saliva?

Answer 17

increased production, liquid

Question 18

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the GI tract?

Answer 18

increased secretion, increased peristalsis, decreased sphincter tone

Question 19

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the heart?

Answer 19

decreased HR
decreased contractility
decreased blood pressure

Question 20

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the bladder?

Answer 20

decreased sphincter tone, increased detrusor tone

Question 21

compared to the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system has little effect on what two responses?

Answer 21

sweat glands

also, per lecture:
contractile force of heart (?)
dilation of blood vessels

Question 22

what is released by the pre- and post-ganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic system?

Answer 22

ACh for both

Question 23

what is released by the pre- and post-ganglionic fibers in the sympathetic system?

Answer 23

pre-ganglionic fibers release ACh

post-ganglionic fibers release norepinephrine to the organs

Question 24

What is the function of the adrenal gland in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 24

When stimulated by ACh (nicotinic receptor), it releases epinephrine into the blood stream and acts like a post-ganglionic fiber.

Question 25

in the somatic nervous system, action is (voluntary/involuntary) vs. the opposite autonomic ("automatic") nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, what kind of receptors are found?

Answer 25

voluntary | nicotinic (muscular)

Question 26

in the parasympathetic system, preganglionic fibers release _1_ that acts on the _2_ receptor of the postganglionic fiber.

Answer 26

1. ACh | 2. nicotinic (neural)

Question 27

In the parasympathetic system, what kind of receptor does ACh act on the end organs?

Answer 27

muscarinic

Question 28

what effects do muscarinic receptors have on the heart rate?

Answer 28

they slow the heart rate

Question 29

when ACh is released from the sympathetic system, what receptors does it act on (2)?

Answer 29

nicotinic OR the adrenal medullary cells of the adrenal medulla IOT release epinephrine

Question 30

muscarinic receptors 1, 3, and 5 (odd #s) have what effect?

Answer 30

stimulate the tissue

Question 31

muscarinic receptors 2 and 4 have what effect on tissue?

Answer 31

they inhibit tissue

Question 32

presynaptic autoreceptors (M2/M4) serve what function?

Answer 32

regulate the activity of the preganglionic nerve (like a feedback loop)

Question 33

when the sympathetic system is activated, what is the effect on vascular smooth muscle in the skin, splanchnic and muscle

Answer 33

skin/splanchnic: constrict blood vessels | muscle: dilates blood vessels

Question 34

ACh binding to M2 muscarinic receptors results in what membrane channel change?

Answer 34

open K+ potassium channels

Question 35

what neurostransmitter do sweat glands use?

Answer 35

ACh

Question 36

what receptors are activated in the sympathetic system if NE is released by postganglionic receptors onto the heart?

Answer 36

β1 adrenergic receptors

Question 37

what receptors are activated in the sympathetic system if NE is released by postganglionic receptors onto the vasculature (ex. skin)? What is the effect on the vasculature?

Answer 37

α1 adrenergic receptors | vasoconstriction

Question 38

epinephrine effect what receptors in skeletal muscle? what is the effect?

Answer 38

β1 adrenergic receptors | vasodilation (increased blood flow)

Question 39

what are the five steps of catecholamine synthesis?

Answer 39

1. tyrosine 2. dopa 3. dopamine 4. norepinephrine 5. epinephrine

Question 40

how is norepinephrine removed from the neuro-effector junction?

Answer 40

rapid re-uptake by NET (norepinephrine transporter)

Question 41

what is the function of MAO in relation to NE?

Answer 41

MAO breaks down NE

Question 42

norepinephrine is an _1_ for what adrenergic receptors?

Answer 42

agonist | α1, α2, and β1 adrenergic receptors

Question 43

What is the effect of an amphetamine on a sympathetic nerve terminal?

Answer 43

displaces MAO from the nerve terminals, therefore more NE can be released

Question 44

what kind of receptor is activated when a preganglionic parasympathetic neuron releases acetylcholine on to a postganglionic parasympathetic neuron?

Answer 44

neuronal nicotinic receptor (nAChRN)

Question 45

What are three examples of class IA antiarrythmic drugs?

Answer 45

Quinidine Procainamide Disopyramide "The Queen Proclaims Diso's pyramid."

Question 46

What channel do Class I Antiarrhythmics block?

Answer 46

Sodium channels

Question 47

On an ECG, what changes are seen with a Class 1A antiarrhythmic?

Answer 47

increased QT interval

Question 48

What mechanism do class IA antiarrhythmics change in the heart?

Answer 48

increase the ventricular action potential

Question 49

what are class IA antiarrhythmics used to treat?

Answer 49

atrial and ventricular arrhythmias

Question 50

what is a negative side effect of quinidine?

Answer 50

torsadas de pointes (b/c of increased QT interval) aka ventricular tachycardia

Question 51

name two class 1B antiarrhythmics

Answer 51

lidocaine | mexiletine

Question 52

how does the class 1B antiarrhythmic work?

Answer 52

lidocaine slows conduction and increases threshold for the abnormal cells that are firing

Question 53

what are class 1B antiarrhythmics used for?

Answer 53

acute ventricular arrhythmias

Question 54

name the two class IC antiarrhythmics

Answer 54

flecainamide propafenone "Can I have Fries Please?"

Question 55

what is the mechanism of class 1C antiarrhythmics?

Answer 55

decreases ventricular conduction

Question 56

what is the effect of class 1C antiarrhythmic on an EKG?

Answer 56

widened QRS interval

Question 57

what is the (concepts not medications) therapy required for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter (2)?

Answer 57

control ventricular response or restore sinus rhythm

Question 58

what are class 1C antiarrhythmics used for?

Answer 58

ventriular arrhythmias

Question 59

what are class II antiarrhythmics?

Answer 59

beta blockers

Question 60

name three beta blocker drugs (there are 6 in FA)

Answer 60

esmolol, metoprolol, propanolol | atenolol, timolol, carvedilol

Question 61

what do beta blockers manipulate in the heart?

Answer 61

decrease AV nodal conduction

Question 62

what change does a beta blocker introduce to an ECG?

Answer 62

The ECG will show an increased PR interval because conduction through the nodes has slowed

Question 63

Identify at least five things beta blockers can be used to treat:

Answer 63

``` ischemia hypertension heart failure ventricular/supraventricular arrhythmias Mitral Valve prolapse ```

Question 64

what kind of cells do beta blockers act on? what kind of channels do they block?

Answer 64

nodal cells | calcium channels and funny sodium channels

Question 65

what do class 3 antiarrhythmic block?

Answer 65

they block potassium channels (ie prolong depolarization)

Question 66

name 3 potassium channel blockers

Answer 66

amiodarone ibutilide dronedarone sotalol