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CPR-Week 1 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? what is the difference in their functions?

A

parasympathetic (rest and digest) and sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)

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2
Q

what are the fibers to the parasympathetic nerves?

A

cranial nerves and S2-S4

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3
Q

what are the fibers to the sympathetic nervous system?

A

T1-L3

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4
Q

what are the three tissues the autonomic nervous system controls?

A

cardiac (muscle, nodes and conduction)
smooth muscle
glands

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5
Q

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the eyes?

A

pupils are dilated

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6
Q

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the CNS?

A

increase drive and alertness

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7
Q

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the bronchi?

A

bronchiolar smooth muscle dilates

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8
Q

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the liver?

A

glycogenolysis (to release more glucose)
glucose release
increased blood flow to liver

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9
Q

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the GI tract?

A

decreased peristalsis (you’re running, not eating)
increased sphincter tone (hold it in)
decreased blood flow (stop digesting)

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10
Q

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the saliva?

A

decreases, viscous (thick)

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11
Q

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the heart?

A

increased heart rate
increased contractile force
increase blood pressure

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12
Q

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the fat tissue?

A

lipolysis
fatty acid
liberation (of fat?)

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13
Q

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the bladder?

A

sphincter tone increases

detrusor muscle relaxes (IOT increase urine storage by relaxing the wall)

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14
Q

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the skeletal muscle?

A

blood flow increases

glycogenolysis

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15
Q

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the eyes?

A

constriction of the pupil

contracts (for near vision)

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16
Q

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the bronchi?

A

constriction, increased secretion

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17
Q

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the saliva?

A

increased production, liquid

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18
Q

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the GI tract?

A

increased secretion, increased peristalsis, decreased sphincter tone

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19
Q

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the heart?

A

decreased HR
decreased contractility
decreased blood pressure

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20
Q

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, what is happening with the bladder?

A

decreased sphincter tone, increased detrusor tone

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21
Q

compared to the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system has little effect on what two responses?

A

sweat glands

also, per lecture:
contractile force of heart (?)
dilation of blood vessels

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22
Q

what is released by the pre- and post-ganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic system?

A

ACh for both

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23
Q

what is released by the pre- and post-ganglionic fibers in the sympathetic system?

A

pre-ganglionic fibers release ACh

post-ganglionic fibers release norepinephrine to the organs

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24
Q

What is the function of the adrenal gland in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

When stimulated by ACh (nicotinic receptor), it releases epinephrine into the blood stream and acts like a post-ganglionic fiber.

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25
Q

in the somatic nervous system, action is (voluntary/involuntary) vs. the opposite autonomic (“automatic”) nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, what kind of receptors are found?

A

voluntary

nicotinic (muscular)

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26
Q

in the parasympathetic system, preganglionic fibers release 1 that acts on the 2 receptor of the postganglionic fiber.

A
  1. ACh

2. nicotinic (neural)

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27
Q

In the parasympathetic system, what kind of receptor does ACh act on the end organs?

A

muscarinic

28
Q

what effects do muscarinic receptors have on the heart rate?

A

they slow the heart rate

29
Q

when ACh is released from the sympathetic system, what receptors does it act on (2)?

A

nicotinic OR the adrenal medullary cells of the adrenal medulla IOT release epinephrine

30
Q

muscarinic receptors 1, 3, and 5 (odd #s) have what effect?

A

stimulate the tissue

31
Q

muscarinic receptors 2 and 4 have what effect on tissue?

A

they inhibit tissue

32
Q

presynaptic autoreceptors (M2/M4) serve what function?

A

regulate the activity of the preganglionic nerve (like a feedback loop)

33
Q

when the sympathetic system is activated, what is the effect on vascular smooth muscle in the skin, splanchnic and muscle

A

skin/splanchnic: constrict blood vessels

muscle: dilates blood vessels

34
Q

ACh binding to M2 muscarinic receptors results in what membrane channel change?

A

open K+ potassium channels

35
Q

what neurostransmitter do sweat glands use?

A

ACh

36
Q

what receptors are activated in the sympathetic system if NE is released by postganglionic receptors onto the heart?

A

β1 adrenergic receptors

37
Q

what receptors are activated in the sympathetic system if NE is released by postganglionic receptors onto the vasculature (ex. skin)?
What is the effect on the vasculature?

A

α1 adrenergic receptors

vasoconstriction

38
Q

epinephrine effect what receptors in skeletal muscle? what is the effect?

A

β1 adrenergic receptors

vasodilation (increased blood flow)

39
Q

what are the five steps of catecholamine synthesis?

A
  1. tyrosine
  2. dopa
  3. dopamine
  4. norepinephrine
  5. epinephrine
40
Q

how is norepinephrine removed from the neuro-effector junction?

A

rapid re-uptake by NET (norepinephrine transporter)

41
Q

what is the function of MAO in relation to NE?

A

MAO breaks down NE

42
Q

norepinephrine is an 1 for what adrenergic receptors?

A

agonist

α1, α2, and β1 adrenergic receptors

43
Q

What is the effect of an amphetamine on a sympathetic nerve terminal?

A

displaces MAO from the nerve terminals, therefore more NE can be released

44
Q

what kind of receptor is activated when a preganglionic parasympathetic neuron releases acetylcholine on to a postganglionic parasympathetic neuron?

A

neuronal nicotinic receptor (nAChRN)

45
Q

What are three examples of class IA antiarrythmic drugs?

A

Quinidine
Procainamide
Disopyramide

“The Queen Proclaims Diso’s pyramid.”

46
Q

What channel do Class I Antiarrhythmics block?

A

Sodium channels

47
Q

On an ECG, what changes are seen with a Class 1A antiarrhythmic?

A

increased QT interval

48
Q

What mechanism do class IA antiarrhythmics change in the heart?

A

increase the ventricular action potential

49
Q

what are class IA antiarrhythmics used to treat?

A

atrial and ventricular arrhythmias

50
Q

what is a negative side effect of quinidine?

A

torsadas de pointes (b/c of increased QT interval) aka ventricular tachycardia

51
Q

name two class 1B antiarrhythmics

A

lidocaine

mexiletine

52
Q

how does the class 1B antiarrhythmic work?

A

lidocaine slows conduction and increases threshold for the abnormal cells that are firing

53
Q

what are class 1B antiarrhythmics used for?

A

acute ventricular arrhythmias

54
Q

name the two class IC antiarrhythmics

A

flecainamide
propafenone

“Can I have Fries Please?”

55
Q

what is the mechanism of class 1C antiarrhythmics?

A

decreases ventricular conduction

56
Q

what is the effect of class 1C antiarrhythmic on an EKG?

A

widened QRS interval

57
Q

what is the (concepts not medications) therapy required for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter
(2)?

A

control ventricular response or restore sinus rhythm

58
Q

what are class 1C antiarrhythmics used for?

A

ventriular arrhythmias

59
Q

what are class II antiarrhythmics?

A

beta blockers

60
Q

name three beta blocker drugs (there are 6 in FA)

A

esmolol, metoprolol, propanolol

atenolol, timolol, carvedilol

61
Q

what do beta blockers manipulate in the heart?

A

decrease AV nodal conduction

62
Q

what change does a beta blocker introduce to an ECG?

A

The ECG will show an increased PR interval because conduction through the nodes has slowed

63
Q

Identify at least five things beta blockers can be used to treat:

A 
ischemia 
hypertension
heart failure
ventricular/supraventricular arrhythmias
Mitral Valve prolapse
64
Q

what kind of cells do beta blockers act on? what kind of channels do they block?

A

nodal cells

calcium channels and funny sodium channels

65
Q

what do class 3 antiarrhythmic block?

A

they block potassium channels (ie prolong depolarization)

66
Q

name 3 potassium channel blockers

A

amiodarone
ibutilide
dronedarone
sotalol

CPR-Week 1 (9 decks)

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