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CPR-Week 1 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what does the truncus arteriosus turns into?

A

the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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2
Q

what does the bulbus cordis turn into?

A

the smooth parts of the left and right

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3
Q

the primitive atria and ventricle turn into the…

A

trebeculated part of the L and R atria and ventricles

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4
Q

What does the primitive pulmonary vein give rise to?

A

the smooth part of the L atrium

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5
Q

the left horn of the sinus venosus gives rise to what?

A

the coronary sinus (right behind and under the atria)

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6
Q

the right horn of the SV gives rise to…

A

the smooth part of the right atrium

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7
Q

the right atrium pools which veins together?

A

the Superior and Inferior vena cava

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8
Q

the left atrium pools which veins together?

A

the pulmonary veins!

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9
Q

the right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein give rise to what?

A

the superior vena cava

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10
Q

when does the heart start to beat spontaneously?

A

week 4 of development

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11
Q

(T/F) the heart is the first functional organ in vertebrate embryos

A

true

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12
Q

The septum _1_ grows toward _2_ cushions, narrowing _3_ primum. This is step 1 of septation of the (atria/ventricles)

A
  1. primum
  2. endocardial
  3. foramen

atria

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13
Q

Step 2 of atrial septation: the foramen secundum forms in the septum _1_. the foremen primum disappears.

A

primum

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14
Q

Step 4 of atrial septation: the septum _1_ expands and covers most of the foramen secundum. The residual foramen is the foramen _2_.

A
  1. secundum
  2. ovale
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15
Q

the septum secundum and septum primum fuse to form what?

A

the strial septum

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16
Q

What causes the formen ovale to close after birth?

A

An increase in **left atrial **pressure

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17
Q

what is the shape of the aorticopulmonary septum (Hint: this is also the way the heart contracts with each HB)

A

Spiral

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18
Q

the aorticopulmonary septum separates what two structures?

A

the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk

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19
Q

Blood entering he fetus through the umbilical vein is conducted via the _1_ _2_ into the _3_ IOT bypass the _4_ circulation

A

1-2. ductus venosus

  1. IVC
  2. Hepatic
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20
Q

In a fetus, the most highly oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC is diverted through the _1_ _2_ and pumped out the _3_ to the head and body.

A

1-2. foramen ovale

  1. aorta
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21
Q

which chamber of the heart has the highest pressure? The lowest pressure?

A

highest? L ventricle

lowest? R atrium

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22
Q

what drug is used to close a patent ductus arteriosus?

A

indomethacin

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23
Q

What is used to keep a PDA open?

A

exogenous administration of prostaglandins

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24
Q

ribs originate (medially/laterally) and approach the midline (anteriorly/posteriorly).

A

laterally

anteriorly

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25
Q

if clavicles fail to migrate, what arises (it’s a congenital defect)?

A

a sternal cleft

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26
Q

what is ectopia cordis?

A

when a child is born with their heart outside the chest wall

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27
Q

what are the five dilations of the primitive heart tube (in order)?

A

truncus arteriosus

bulbus cordis

primitive ventricles

primitive atria

sinus venosus

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28
Q

what is tetralogy of fallot?

A

abnormal neural crest cell migration that leads to the anterior displacement of the aorticopulmonary septum

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29
Q

what is seen on an exam of a patient with tetralogy of fallot?

A

PROVe:

pulmonary stenosis

right ventricular hypertrophy

overriding aorta

ventricular septal defect

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30
Q

What syptoms are seen in patients with tetralogy of fallot?

What is the treatment?

A

squatting to relieve cyanosis

cyanosis following crying or feeding

blue baby syndrome

enlarged right ventricle

treatment: surgery

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31
Q

a defect in te endocardial cushion would lead to what other defect?

A

a defect in the atrioventricular septum

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32
Q

what is the adult derivative of the first aortic arch?

A

part of the Maxillary artery

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33
Q

what is the adult derivative of the second aortic arch?

A

the stapedial artery and hyoid artery

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34
Q

what is the adult derivative of the third aortic arch?

A

the common carotid artery and the proximal internal carotid artery

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35
Q

what is the adult derivative of the fourth aortic arch?

A

the aortic arch and the proximal part of the right subclavian artery

36
Q

what is the adult derivative of the fifth aortic arch?

A

there is none. the fifth arch regresses in humans.

37
Q

what is the adult derivative of the sixth aortic arch?

A

the proximal pulmonary arteries and the ductus arteriosus

38
Q

What is the change in hematopoiesis during gestation?

A

yolk sac, liver, spleen, then bone marrow

39
Q

vasculogenesis occurs in which gestational layer?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

40
Q

Angiogenesis is regulated by what transcription factor?

A

VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor

41
Q

What is the name of the artery and vein that is supplied by the yolk sac? What do they eventually become?

A

The Vitelline Artery and Vein? Becomes vasculature of abdomen

42
Q

What are the two shunts of the fetal heart?

A

the ductus arteriosus and formen ovale

43
Q

An adult has a condition where the foramen secundum is formed but there is excess resorption of the septum primum. This would cause what defect in blood flow? What is this condition called?

A

blood flow from the left atrium to the right atrium because there is higher pressure in the left atrium in an adult.

this is an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

44
Q

what two structures surround the interventricular foramen? How does the IV foramen start to disappear?

A

the endocardial cushion and the muscular interventricular septum

the endocardial cushion and muscular IV septum fuse

45
Q

if the membranous part of the IV septum does not form, a newborn will have blood flowing in what way?

A

from the left ventricle to the right ventricle because the pressure in the left ventricle is higher.

46
Q

what type of cells form the truncus arteriosus?

A

neural crest cells

47
Q

what is on top: the pulmonary trunk or the aorta?

A

The pulmonary trunk

48
Q

what portion of the interventricular septum closes the IV foramen?

A

the membranous portion

49
Q

what do the cardinal veins form?

A

the major veins of the body

50
Q

What nerves supply the larynx?
What do they wrap around?

A

the recurrent laryngeal nerves

on the right: the nerve wraps under the right subclavian artery.

onthe left: the nerve wraps under the ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosus in adults)

51
Q

what is the embryonic source of the internal carotid artery?

A

the dorsal aorta and 3rd arch

52
Q

what is the embryonic source of the external carotid artery?

A

growth off of the third arch

53
Q

what is the embryonic source of the common carotid artery

A

3rd aortic arch

54
Q

what is the embryonic source of the right subclavian artery?

A

the rigth 4th arch and the th intersegmental dorsal aorta

55
Q

what is the embryonic source of the left subclavian artery?

A

the left 7th intersegmental

56
Q

what is the embryonic source of the brachiocephalic artery?

A

the aortic sac

57
Q

what is the embryonic source of the aortic arch?

A

the truncus arteriosus, aortic sac, left 4th arch, left dorsal aorta.

58
Q

what is the embryonic source of the pulmonary trunk?

A

the truncus arteriosus

59
Q

what is the embryonic source of the pulmonary arteries?

A

the 6th aortic arches and buds off of 6th arches

60
Q

what is the embryonic source of the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

the left 6th arch

61
Q

the ductus venosus bypasses what organ?

A

the liver

62
Q

why does the ductus arteriosus constrict at birth (4)?

A
  1. oxygen tension rises
  2. bradykinin is release from the lungs and this stimulates smooth muscle constriction
  3. ​prostaglandins from the mother are no longer present
  4. backward flow of blood through the ductus causes it to become occluded
63
Q

what is the role of a mother’s prostaglandins in a fetus?

A

it keeps the ductus arteriosus open

64
Q

what are the five phases of the lower respiratory system?

A

embryonic (wk 4-5)

pseudoglandular (5-17)

canalicular (16-25)

terminal sac (24-40)

alveolar (late fetal - 8yo)

65
Q

what gestational layer is on the ventral wall of the foregut?

A

the endoderm

66
Q

The (R/L) grows more verticaly oriented while the (R/L) lung grows more lateral.

A

R, L

67
Q

What is the first pulmonic embryonic strucutre that branches off of the pharyngeal foregut?

A

The respiratory diverticulum

68
Q

what does the respiratory diverticulum become?

A

the trachea and lung buds

69
Q

if you were to choke on a peanut, which lung would it be in?

A

The right side. This side of the lung grows larger and straighter than the left.

70
Q

what is parenchyma?

A

the essential or functional parts of an organ

71
Q

What does the endoderm (from the pharyngeal foregut) contribute to the embryonic phase?

A

lung parenchyma (respiratory tract epithelium and glands)

72
Q

What does the mesoderm (from the pharyngeal foregut) contribute to the embryonic phase (3)?

A
  1. pleura
  2. smooth muscle
  3. cartilage and connective tissue
73
Q

What does the ectoderm (from the pharyngeal foregut) contribute to the embryonic phase? Be specific.

A

neural innervation: phrenic nerve, intercostal nerves

74
Q

What adult organs are derived from the lower respiratory system?

A

the Larynx, Trachea, Lungs

75
Q

What are the two derivatives of the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

splanchnic mesoderm (organs)

somatic mesoderm (muscle)

76
Q

The coelem is the cavity in the mesoderm. What does it become in the lungs?

A

the pleural space

77
Q

What is significant about the late canalicular period

A

life outside of the womb is rare but possible

78
Q

what is significant about the sacular period (4)?

A
  1. surfactant production
  2. lungs begin to mature
  3. type 1 pneumocytes dominate
  4. life is possible outside of the womb
79
Q

what is significant about the alveolar period (3)?

A

alveoli increase in number

respiratory system continues to divide

continues until 8 yo

80
Q

a full complement of mature alveoli are present by how many weeks?

A

37

81
Q

if a baby is born prematurely before type 2 cells make enough pulmonary surfactant, what would you expect?

A

difficulty inflating the lungs

82
Q

when do fetal breathing movements begin?

A

around 20 weeks

83
Q

what happens to fluid that remains in the lungs after birth?

A

it is absorbed

84
Q
  • At what week does the fetus have enough mature structure to breath on its own if born prematurely?
  • What other structures develop during this phase (3)?
A

late canalicular period: week 28

strucutre: pulmonary capillaries (expand to create large surface area for gas exchange), alveolar ducts and alveolar precursors

85
Q

the lung alveoli are derived from (splanchnic Mesoderm/ectoderm/endoderm/somatic mesoderm/coelem)?

A

endoderm

86
Q

the outflow tracts of the ventricles are formed from which heart derivative?

A

the bulbis cordis

87
Q

where is the aortic sac located?

A

just above the truncus arteriosus

CPR-Week 1 (9 decks)

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