Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

D2 - FALL - PAR 1 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Paracelsus?

A

father of pharmacology; worked on mercury; said every drug is a poison, the dosage determined its toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is coumadin?

A

aka warfarin; it’s a blood thinner.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the name of the first experiments in humans?

A

phase I clinical trials; not intended for effectiveness of drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

phase II clinical trials?

A

have to show that drug is actually beneficial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

phase III clinical trials?

A

crucial phase; very expensive; multi-center trials; double blind studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

phase IV clinical trials?

A

NOT part of the drug approval process; after drug is approved, clinical data continues to be collected by FDA in the “real world”; able to see rare side effects due to larger # of people taking the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what source of drug info does our prof use the most?

A

The physicians desk reference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CLASS I:

a. abuse potential
b. examples
c. physical/psychological effects
d. handling

A

a. abuse potential: highest
b. examples: heroin, LSD, marijuana, mescaline
c. physical/psychological effects: no accepted medical use
d. handling: experimental or research only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CLASS II:

a. abuse potential
b. examples
c. physical/psychological effects
d. handling

A

a. abuse potential: high
b. examples: morphine, meperidine, amphetamine, methylphenidate, secobarbital, phencylcidine (PCP)
c. physical/psychological effects: may produce dependence, accepted medical uses
d. handling: prescriber’s signature required; NO refills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

CLASS III:

a. abuse potential
b. examples
c. physical/psychological effects
d. handling

A

a. abuse potential: moderate
b. examples: codeine mixes, weaker stimulants and sedatives
c. physical/psychological effects: may produce moderate-low dependence; accepted medical uses
d. handling: prescriptions may be called in; <5 refills/6 mo; container w/ warning labels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CLASS IV:

a. abuse potential
b. examples
c. physical/psychological effects
d. handling

A

a. abuse potential: less
b. examples: benzodiazepines, pentazocine; phenobarbital; d-propoxyphene
c. physical/psychological effects: none
d. handling: same as C-III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

CLASS V:

a. abuse potential
b. examples
c. physical/psychological effects
d. handling

A

a. abuse potential: least
b. examples: some codeine containing cough syrup, d-propoxyphene
c. physical/psychological effects: none
d. handling: OTC in some states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Does class II drugs have medical use? how can it be acquired?

A

yes; get it w/ prescriber’s signature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Does class IV drugs have medical use? how can it be acquired?

A

yes; prescriptions may be called in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

who coined the term receptor?

A

Langley

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

occupancy theory?

A

higher number of receptors binding drugs means greater effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

spare receptors?

A

full effect of drug w/ less than 100% of receptors binding drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 4 processes of pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what drug is an exception to being metabolized/absorbed before being excreted?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

oral dose stays in therapeutic range longer than an IV dose bc ut us absorbed slower. t/f?

A

true!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

inhalation as a method of drug administration is useful for what?

A

peptides (i.e. insulin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are some prolonged release preps for drugs?

A

drug coatings, drug salts, ion-exchange resin complex, drug polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

matrix storage and reservoir storage?

A

matrix - drug imbedded in solid

reservoir - drug dissolved in liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are specific molecular carriers?

A

viral envelopes, erythrocyte ghosts, liposomes (very good!)

- first 2 methods = not good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

liposomes are coated in what?

A

coated w/ polyethylene glycol (PEG) to stabilize liposomes & evade body defenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

examples of liposomes drugs?

A

doxil and myocet - for delivery of doxorubicin to solid tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the lipid/water partition coefficient?

A

how much drug has gone in each partition (Lipid or water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

statin’s work really well bc…?

A

they have transporters in the liver that bring them directly to the site of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the fastest method to cross membranes for drugs?

A

transporters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

hexanoic acid?

A

type of alipoic acid; easy to cross memb; hydrophilic or lipid soluble; need transporter for glc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

if you have a weak acid w/ ____ pH, more of the weak acids will be in charged form.

A

low pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

if you have low pH, more weak bases will be in ______ form.

A

uncharged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

when is pH = pKa?

A

when there is an equal amt of charged/uncharged form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

An acid drug in an acid compartment is going to be transferred _____ and will be present in its ____ form.

A

rapidly; uncharged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

a basic drug in an ____ environment won’t be absorbed bc it will remain in its charged form.

A

acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are anion drug transporters?

A

P-glycoprotein (MDR or MDRP–multidrug resistance proteins) & organic anion transport protein (OATP)

tl;dr: MDR/MDRP & OATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are cation drug transporters?

A

Organic cation transport proteins (OCT)
Multidrug & toxin extrusion (MATE)
Organic Cation/Carnitine Transporters (OCTN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what promotes diffusion? (fick’s law)

A

larger SA, thinner memb, larger conc gradients

*Fick’s law only covers uncharged form of a drug.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

if a compartment/organ is acidic, what kind of drugs will be attracted there?

A

BASIC

40
Q

where are the highest perfusion rates? the lowest?

A

highest - brain, kidney, liver

lowest - bone, fat, skin

41
Q

Acidic drugs bind to what plasma protein?

A

albumin

42
Q

Basic drugs often bind to what plasma protein?

A

globulins

43
Q

total fraction of drug bound is determined by?

A

drug conc, affinity of binding sites, # of binding sites

44
Q

If Warfarin changed from 99 to 98 % bound, its free concentration would _____.

A

double

45
Q

what is the most lipid soluble drug available?

A

thiopental

46
Q

what is volume of distribution of a drug?

A

Vd = amt of drug administered/plasma drug concentration = mg/(mg/ml) = ml

47
Q

what are the patterns of distribution for drugs?

A

vascular, uniform, non-uniform, conc in specific tissues

*most drugs are non-uniform

48
Q

diff betw microsomal and nonmicrosomal enzymes?

A

microsome = enzymes for a drug found in microsomes of the SER

49
Q

codeine is a prodrug that is converted to…

A

morphine

50
Q

what is the most important site for drug metabolism?

A

liver

51
Q

what does phase I rxns do?

A

phase I (nonsynthetic) rxns produce a change in a drug that can allow a synthetic rxn

52
Q

what do phase II rxn do?

A

these are synthetic rxns and they produce a metabolite by transfer of a chemical group to the drug; aka conjugation or adduct formation

53
Q

what secretes beta-glucuronidases?

A

microflora in the intestine; slow down the elimination of the drug

54
Q

Make sure to go back to look at the glucuronide conjugation equations…

A

Meep.

55
Q

What is the donor to drugs in the glucuronide conjugation?

A

UDPGA

56
Q

steroids get metabolized by what type of synthetic rxns?

A

sulfate & glucuronide conjugation

57
Q

in order to transport the sulfate, the pathway must be activated by…?

A

atp

58
Q

What is the donor to activate the sulfate group?

A

PAPS

59
Q

in amino acid conjugation, drug MUST be converted to ____ and then reacts w/ _____.

A

Co-A; glycine or glutamine

60
Q

donor for acetylation synthetic rxn?

A

acetyl-CoA

61
Q

glutathione conjugates w/ what?

A

itself. it conjugates w/ reduced glutathione.

62
Q

donor for methylation rxn?

A

s-adenosyl-methionine (SAM)

63
Q

The most important nonsynthetic rxn is…? What catalyzes it?

A

Oxidation; cytochrome p450 in the mitochondria

*name comes from strong absorption of light at 450 nm when enzymes are exposed to carbon monoxide

64
Q

what do we need to know about the cyt p450 enzyme? And the process it is involved in?

A

binding of the drug makes Fe3+ become reduced to 2+ via reductase; then oxidized by molecular O2; product = oxidized drug & water (requires NADPH)

*DIFFERENCE OF ONE ATOM OF OXYGEN

65
Q

One atom of O2 is reduced to make H2O and the other atom is added to the drug in a rxn w/ cyt p450. t/f?

A

ALWAYS TRUE

66
Q

Demethylation/dealkylation of codeine forms what?

A

morphine + formaldehyde

*even though it says dealkylation rxn, it is actually an oxidation rxn.

67
Q

CYP3A4 & CYP3A5 isoforms are involved in the metabolism of ~___% of drugs.

A

50

68
Q

What happens in the nonsynthetic rxn, reduction?

A

add a hydrogen or remove oxygen

69
Q

What happens in the nonsynthetic rxn, hydrolysis?

A

addition of water w/ breakdown of molecule. performed in blood plasma and liver by esterases.

70
Q

What are 2 enzymes involved in hydrolysis rxns that are important for dentists?

A
  1. hydrolase (in blood)

2. amidase (in many tissues of body)

71
Q

humans make mercapturic acid via what conjugation rxn?

A

NO, humans make glutathione conjugate rather than mercapturic acid.

72
Q

what is used for tx for TB? and how is it metabolized?

A

isoniazid; N-acetyl-transferase

73
Q

clearance times plasma conc gives ?

A

rate of excretion from blood

74
Q

reabsorption of a weak acid is _____ in the acidotic patient.

A

100x faster

75
Q

reabsorption of a weak base is _____ in the acidotic patient.

A

100x slower

76
Q

if you overdose on an acidic drug, give ___ to make urine more basic.

A

bicarb

77
Q

if you overdose on a basic drug, give ___ to make urine more acidic.

A

ammonia chloride

78
Q

_____ is a straight line, while _____ is curved line in first order elimination of drugs.

A

elimination phase (beta phase); distribution phase (alpha phase)

79
Q

drugs conc in blood decreases as an ______.

A

exponential decay

80
Q

most drugs are eliminated by _____ kinetics.

A

first order

81
Q

zero order elim of drugs?

A

not dictated by conc; it depends on restrictions of its metabolism; drug conc dec linearly

ex. alcohol is restricted by alcohol dehydrogenase and falls under zero order

82
Q

in order to calculate pharmacokinetics of multiple dosing, we need to know what variable?

A

fractional bioavailability (fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation)

83
Q

tell me about the plateau state of multiple dosing…

A

attained after 4 half lives; time required to reach state is independent of dose….

84
Q

tell me about plateau conc in multiple dosing…

A

directly proportional to dos; indirectly proportional to dosage interval; proportional to half life

85
Q

diff betw agonist and antagonist?

A

agonist - drug binds & has effect

antagonist - drug binds and blocks or reduces an existing effect

86
Q

Km = ?

A

Km = half of maximum activity

87
Q

ED50 = ?

A

effective dose for 1/2 the max effect

88
Q

greater potency will have the curve more to the…?

A

left; potency tells us the diff in conc for 2 diff drugs; the more potent drug produces an effect at a lower conc

89
Q

efficacy is a measure of?

A

the maximal effect of a drug; a drug with a higher efficacy will have a greater max effect (greater response)

90
Q

usually what is noted about ED50, if the drug is more potent?

A

the more potent a drug, the lower the ED50

91
Q

the therapeutic index is used for comparing..?

A

relative safety of similar drugs; drug companies want a low ED50 and a high LD50

92
Q

what are the 2 important features of competitive antagonism?

A

can’t bind to both at the same time and this type is surmountable (can overcome by producing more hormone or drug)

93
Q

what are the 2 important features of noncompetitive antagonism?

A

receptor can bind both at the same time & not surmountable (cannot be overcome by increased amount of agonist)

94
Q

what are the 2 important features of uncompetitive antagonism?

A

agonist binds to receptor before the antagonist will bind (can’t bind to free receptor); inc conc of agonist can allow more antagonist to bind

95
Q

non-equilibrium competition is similar to …?

A

noncompetitive antagonism but not the same bc non-eq competition is not reversible.

96
Q

competitive antagonism affects…?

A

potency

97
Q

noncompetitive affects…?

A

efficacy

D2 - FALL - PAR 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions