Pharmacology 2

Question 1

Is ADME Pharmacodynamics or Pharmacokinetics?

Answer 1

Pharmacokinetics

Question 2

Explain Absorption

Answer 2

Route of Administration passes into blood stream via the stomach. PH will effect rate of absorption

Question 3

Explain Distribution

Answer 3

Where the drug is needed many drugs are protein bound so will bind to other proteins

Question 4

What are cell membranes

Answer 4

Lipids

Question 5

Explain excretion of drugs and where it occurs?

Answer 5

Kidneys. If not excreted they can cause rise in toxic levels

Question 6

Where does metabolism occur? How and what makes them inactive? How many phases of hepatic metabolism are there?

Answer 6

Liver.

Liver enzymes

2 phases of hepatic metabolism

Question 7

Explain short duration of action

Answer 7

Need more frequent doses as drug is metabolised quickly

Question 8

If a drug is slowly metabolised what does this have?

Answer 8

Longer duration of action

Question 9

Bioavailability is ……

Answer 9

How much of the effected drug reaches the target site.

IV has 100% Bioavailability

Question 10

Explain Half life.

Answer 10

The time taken for the peak blood concentration following administration to fall to half of its initial value

Question 11

Highly lipid soluble drugs do what?

Answer 11

Dissolve more quickly

Question 12

Drugs that need to pass through the Blood Brain Barrier need to be what?

Answer 12

Highly lipid soluble

Question 13

Explain Long Steady state

Answer 13

Longer working does not have to be given as frequently

Question 14

First Pass Metabolism is ……

Answer 14

A drug concentration that is greatly reduced before entering the systemic system due to absorption and metabolism

Question 15

What is high Pass Metabolism

Answer 15

A drug that has not had much chance to take effect before it is excreted

Question 16

What route of drug will all have an element of high Pass Metabolism

Answer 16

Oral

Question 17

First Pass Metabolism is different in…….

Answer 17

Children
The elderly
Chronic disease suffered

Question 18

If a patient has a low EGFR what does this indicate

Answer 18

That they have poor renal function do the kidneys will be slow at excreting medication

Question 19

What is diffusion

Answer 19

Where molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration

Question 20

Agonist is …

Antagonist…….

Answer 20

Agonist - interacts with a receptor to stimulates a response

Antagonist - opposes the response

Question 21

What is the action of a pro drug

Answer 21

Metabolised into active drug

Question 22

What is an inactive pro drugs response

Answer 22

They are metabolised into an active form

Question 23

In prescribing what should we always consider?

Answer 23

Age
Co-morbidity 
Drug interactions
Renal Function
Liver Function
Genetics
Gender

Question 24

Why do the elderly have poorer kidney function

Answer 24

They have fewer nephrons which then impairs kidney function

Question 25

What does Liver damage cause

Answer 25

Toxic levels as there are few enzymes to break down the drugs and speed up metabolism

Question 26

Why do we prescribe differently for children?

Answer 26

They have different gastric emptying rates Immature liver enzyme system Higher % total body water Increased metabolic rate

Question 27

When prescribing for children and the elderly what can we consider?

Answer 27

``` E numbers Colour Formulation - sugar free Swallowing problems Doseage regimes ```

Question 28

What are soluble tablets higher in and what should you be aware of if prescribing them?

Answer 28

Soluble tablets are higher in sodium so you have to be aware of BP Renal function, pregnancy.

Question 29

If a pt had renal impairment what should you be aware of?

Answer 29

``` Their EGFR Any drugs that raise K Any drugs with Na due to water retention NSAIDS ACE Inhibitors ```

Question 30

Why should we be aware of drug to drug interactions?

Answer 30

As one drug inhibits another

Question 31

Receptor

Answer 31

Permeable plasma membrane helps control what moves in and out of the cell.

Question 32

Lingard

Answer 32

Nuero transmitter or hormones

Question 33

Ion Channels

Answer 33

Provide receptors which drugs can interact with

Question 34

Enzymes

Answer 34

Biological catalysts that increase rates of chemical reactions

Question 35

A drug that binds to a cell receptor is called a?

Answer 35

Agonist

Question 36

Most drugs and metabolites are excreted by the?

Answer 36

Kidneys

Question 37

The four processes in Pharmokinetics are?

Answer 37

ADME

Question 38

Drug passage in the kidneys can be described as

Answer 38

Passive excretion and Active reabsorption

Question 39

How many phases of hepatic metabolism is there?

Answer 39

2

Question 40

What route should drugs subject to first Pass Metabolism no be given by

Answer 40

Oral

Question 41

Name a plasma protein

Answer 41

Albumin

Question 42

A Pro-drug is

Answer 42

A drug given in its inactive form requiring metabolism

Question 43

An antagonist can be

Answer 43

Competitive and non competitive