Pharmacology

Question 1

Pharmacology
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is the use of synthetic or natural estrogens or a combination of estrogen and progestin to replace the decline or lack of natural hormones, a condition that accompanies hysterectomy and menopause. (See Table 12-2.) Estrogen may be administered orally, transdermally, by injection, or as a topical cream (to treat vaginal symptoms only). Other hormones, including oxytocics and prostaglandins, are used for obstetrical applications. In addition, pharmacological agents are available for birth control and family planning. These agents include oral contraceptives, implants, and spermicides.

Question 2

Treat vaginal yeast infection by altering the yeast cell membrane or interfering with a metabolic process
Most antifungals used to treat vaginal yeast infections are applied topically as ointments, suppositories, or vaginal tablets. Fluconazole is used orally.
fluconazole
flū-KŎN-ă-zōl
Diflucan
miconazole
mī-KŎN-ă-zōl
Monistat

Answer 2

antifungals

Question 3

Treat symptoms of menopause (hot flashes, vaginal dryness, fatigue) through hormone replacement therapy (HRT); may be given orally or topically; topical use may decrease risks
Long-term use of estrogen has been linked with an increased risk of thrombophlebitis and breast and endometrial cancers.
conjugated estrogens (oral only)
KŎN-jū-gā-tĕd ĔS-trō-jĕnz
Cenestin, Premarin
estradiol
ĕs-tră-DĪ-ŏl
Estrace (oral), Climara (topical)

Answer 3

estrogens
ĔS-trō-jĕns

Question 4

Synthetic hormones used to prevent pregnancy and treat menstrual disorders
Oral contraceptives, or birth control pills, contain a combination of estrogen and progestin and are highly effective in preventing pregnancy if taken as directed. desogestrel/ethinyl estradiol
dĕz-ō-JĔS-trăl, ĔTH-ĭ-nĭl ĕs-tră-DĪ-ŏl
Desogen, Ortho-Cept
ethinyl estradiol/norgestrel
ĔTH-ĭ-nĭl ĕs-tră-DĪ-ŏl, nor-JĔS-trĕl
Lo/Ovral-28

Answer 4

oral contraceptives
kŏn-tră-SĔP-tĭvs

Question 5

Induce labor at term by increasing the strength and frequency of uterine contractions
Oxytocics are also used during the postpartum period to control bleeding after the expulsion of the placenta. oxytocin
ŏk-sē-TŌ-sĭn
Pitocin

Answer 5

oxytocics
ŏk-sē-TŌ-sĭks

Question 6

Terminate pregnancy
Large doses of certain prostaglandins can cause the uterus to contract strongly enough to spontaneously abort a fetus.
dinoprostone
dī-nō-PRŎS-tōn
Prostin E2, Cervidil
mifepristone
mī-fĕ-PRĬS-tōn
Mifeprex

Answer 6

prostaglandins
PRŎS-tă-glănd-ĭns

Question 7

Chemically destroy sperm by creating a highly acidic environment in the uterus
Spermicides are available in foam, gel, and suppository forms. They are used within the female vagina for contraception. When used alone, spermicides have a higher failure rate than other methods of birth control.
nonoxynol 9, octoxynol 9
nŏn-ŎK-sĭ-nŏl, ŏk-TŎKS-ĭ-nŏl
Semicid, Koromex, Ortho-Gynol

Answer 7

spermicides
SPĔR-mĭ-sīds

Question 8

AUB abnormal uterine bleeding OB obstetrics
C-section, CS cesarean section OCPs oral contraceptive pills
CVS chorionic villus sampling Pap Papanicolaou (test)
D&C dilatation (dilation) and curettage para 1, 2, 3 and so on unipara, bipara, tripara (number of viable births

Question 9

DUB dysfunctional uterine bleeding PUBS percutaneous umbilical blood sampling
GYN gynecology PID pelvic inflammatory disease
HRT hormone replacement therapy STI sexually transmitted infection
IUD intrauterine device TRAM transverse rectus abdominis muscle (flap)
LMP last menstrual period TVUS transvaginal ultrasonography