Diagnostic, Surgical, and Therapeutic Procedures Flashcards
Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance using a needle (with the needle’s position verified by US on a monitor screen) and syringe to remove amniotic fluid (See Fig. 12-8.)
Chemical and cytological studies of the sample obtained in amniocentesis detect genetic and biochemical disorders and fetal maturity. The procedure also enables transfusion of blood to the fetus and instillation of drugs for treating the fetus.
amniocentesis
ăm-nē-ō-sĔn-TĒ-sĭs
amni/o: amnion (amniotic sac)
-centesis: surgical puncture
Sampling of placental tissues for prenatal diagnosis of potential genetic defects
CVS involves insertion of a catheter into the uterus to obtain the sample. The advantage of CVS over amniocentesis is that it can be undertaken in the first trimester of pregnancy.
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
kor-ē-ŎN-ĭk VĬL-ŭs SĂM-plīng
Visual examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument (colposcope)
Colposcopy is used chiefly to identify areas of cervical dysplasia in women with abnormal Papanicolaou tests and as an aid in biopsy or excision procedures, including cautery, cryotherapy, and loop electrosurgical excision.
colposcopy
kŏl-PŎS-kō-pē
colp/o: vagina
-scopy: visual examination
Diagnostic prenatal test in which a sample of the baby’s blood is removed from the umbilical cord for testing; also called percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS)
Cord blood is evaluated in the laboratory to identify hemolytic diseases or genetic abnormalities.
cordocentesis
kor-dō-sĕn-TĒ-sĭs
Removal of a sample of uterine endometrium for microscopic study
Endometrial biopsy is commonly used in fertility assessment to confirm ovulation and as a diagnostic tool to determine the cause of dysfunctional and postmenopausal bleeding.
endometrial biopsy
ĕn-dō-MĒ-trē-ăl BĪ-ŏp-sē
endo-: in, within
metri: uterus (womb); measure
-al: pertaining to
Delivery of pressurized air or gas into a cavity, chamber, or organ to allow visual examination, remove an obstruction, or apply medication
Insufflation increases the distance between structures so that the physician can see more clearly and better diagnose possible disorders.
insufflation
ĭn-sŭ-FLĀ-shŭn
An exfoliative cytology test to detect abnormal cells that are scraped from the cervix, usually obtained during routine pelvic examination (See Fig. 12-9.)
A Pap test is commonly used to screen for and diagnose cervical cancer. It may also be used to evaluate cells from any organ, such as the pleura and peritoneum, to detect changes that indicate malignancy. Papanicolaou (Pap) test. (A) Insertion of speculum to expand the vaginal walls and reveal the cervix. (B) Cervix is exposed to obtain cells for Pap test.
Papanicolaou (Pap) test
pă-pă-NĪ-kō-lŏw
Measurement of pelvic dimensions to determine whether the head of the fetus will be able to pass through the bony pelvis to allow vaginal delivery
Pelvimetry is performed manually, by x-ray, or by ultrasound, depending on the stage of the pregnancy. The size of the pelvic outlet determines whether or not the baby is delivered vaginally or by cesarean section.
pelvimetry
pĕl-VĬM-ĕ-trē
pelv/i: pelvis
-metry: act of measuring
Radiography and, usually, fluoroscopy of the uterus and uterine tubes (oviducts) following injection of a contrast medium
Hysterosalpingography helps determine pathology in the uterine cavity, evaluate tubal patency, and determine the cause of infertility.
hysterosalpingography (HSG)
hĭs-tĕr-ō-săl-pĭn-GŎG-ră-fē
hyster/o: uterus (womb)
salping/o: tube (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tube)
-graphy: process of recording
Radiographic examination of the breast to screen for breast cancer
Mammography detects tumors, cysts, and microcalcifications and may help locate a malignant lesion.
mammography
măm-ŎG-ră-fē
mamm/o: breast
-graphy: process of recording
Ultrasonography of the pelvic area performed with a probe inserted into the vagina, which provides sharper images of pathological and normal structures within the pelvis
transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS)
trănz-VĂJ-ĭ-năl ŭl-tră-sōn-ŎG-ră-fē
trans-: through, across
vagin: vagina
-al: pertaining to
Suturing of the cervix to prevent it from dilating prematurely during pregnancy, thus decreasing the chance of a spontaneous abortion or preterm birth
Cerclage is sometimes referred to as the purse-string procedure. The sutures are removed before delivery.
cerclage
sĕr-KLĂZH
Incision of the abdomen and uterus to remove the fetus; also called C-section
C-section is most commonly used in the event of cephalopelvic disproportion, presence of sexually transmitted disease, fetal distress, and breech presentation.
cesarean section (C-section)
sē-SĀR-ē-ăn
Surgical closure of the vaginal canal
Colpocleisis is used in elderly women who are no longer sexually active to reduce prolapse of the vagina.
colpocleisis
kŏl-pō-KLĪ-sĭs
colp/o: vagina
-cleisis: closure
Excision of a cone-shaped piece of tissue, such as mucosa of the cervix, for histological examination
conization
kŏn-ĭ-ZĀ-shun
Process of freezing tissue to destroy cells; also called cryocautery
Cryosurgery is used for chronic cervical infections and erosions because offending organisms may be entrenched in cervical cells and glands. The process destroys these infected areas; in the healing process, normal cells are replenished.
cryosurgery
krī-ō-SĔR-jĕr-ē
Widening of the cervical canal with a dilator and scraping of the uterine endometrium with a curette
D&C obtains a sample for cytological examination of tissue, controls abnormal uterine bleeding, and treats incomplete abortion. (See Fig. 12-10.)
dilation and curettage (D&C)
dī-LĂ-sh ŭn, kū-r ĕ-TĂZH
Excision of the uterus (See Fig. 12-11.)
Indications for hysterectomy include abnormalities of the uterus and cervix (cancer, severe dysfunctional bleeding, large or bleeding fibroid tumors, prolapse of the uterus, or severe endometriosis). The surgical approach may be abdominal or vaginal.
hysterectomy
hĭs-tĕr-ĔK-tō-mē
hyster: uterus (womb)
-ectomy: excision, removal
Hysterectomy in which the cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes remain
Subtotal
Hysterectomy in which the cervix is removed but the ovaries and fallopian tubes remain; also called complete hysterectomy
Total
Total (complete) hysterectomy, including removal of the uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, and ovaries
total plus bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
bī-LĂT-ĕr-ăl săl-pĭng-gō-ō-ŏf-ō-RĔK-tō-mē
bi-: two
later: side, to one side
-al: pertaining to
salping/o: tube (usually the fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tube)
oophor: ovary
-ectomy: excision, removal
Visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus (See Fig. 12-12, page 418.)
Laparoscopy has become a standard technique for many routine surgical procedures, including gynecological sterilization by fulguration of the oviducts and tubal ligation.
laparoscopy
lăp-ăr-ŎS-kō-pē
lapar/o: abdomen
-scopy: visual examination
Excision of a small primary breast tumor (or “lump”) and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it (See Fig. 12-13.)
In lumpectomy, lymph nodes may also be removed because they are located within the breast tissue taken during surgery. Typically, the patient will undergo radiation therapy after lumpectomy.
lumpectomy
lŭm-PĔK-tō-mē
